Genitourinary Conditions Risk factors

Question 1

Nephrolithiasis - Risk Factors (General) (5)

Answer 1

1) male 2) 20-40 years old 3) obesity 4) dehydration 5) precipitant drugs (e.g. diuretics, antacids, Na+/Ca2+ containing drugs, vitamin C/D)

Question 2

Nephrolithiasis - Risk Factors (Calcium) (4)

Answer 2

1) hyperparathyroidism 2) hypercalcaemia 3) high dietary calcium 4) high dietary oxalate (e.g. chocolate, spinach)

Question 3

Nephrolithiasis - Risk Factors (Uric Acid) (2)

Answer 3

1) hyperuricaemia (±gout) 2) ileostomy

Question 4

Nephrolithiasis - Risk Factors (Cysteine) (1)

Answer 4

1) genetic (cystinuria)

Question 5

Nephrolithiasis - Risk Factors (Struvite) (1)

Answer 5

1) urea splitting bacteria (e.g. Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas)

Question 6

Acute Kidney Injury - Risk Factors (10)

Answer 6

1) >75 years old 2) male 3) shock (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, septic) 4) malignancy 5) diabetes mellitus 6) cardiovascular disease 7) chronic liver disease 8) chronic kidney disease (esp. >stage 3a) 9) past acute kidney failure 10) nephrotoxic drugs (e.g. NSAID, ACEi, gentamicin)

Question 7

Chronic Kidney Disease - Risk Factors (7)

Answer 7

1) >50 years old 2) male 3) family history 4) Afro-Caribbean or Hispanic 5) obesity 6) smoking 7) nephrotoxic drugs (e.g. NSAIDs, ACEi, gentamicin)

Question 8

Kidney Cancer - Risk Factors (Renal Cell Carcinoma) (10)

Answer 8

1) >50 years old 2) male 3) family history (4x) 4) Czech 5) Von Hippel Landau syndrome (50%) 6) smoking (20%) 7) obesity 8) hypertension 9) chronic kidney disease (15%) 10) polycystic kidney disease

Question 9

Bladder Cancer - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 9

1) >40 years old 2) male 3) family history 4) schistomiasis (squamous cell carcinoma) 5) smoking 6) occupation (petroleum, rubber)

Question 10

Testicular Cancer - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 10

1) 20-35 years old 2) family history 3) Caucasian 4) undescended testis 5) infant hernia 6) infertility

Question 11

Prostate Cancer - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 11

1) >50 years old (increases with age, 80% of >80 years old) 2) family history (2-3x) 3) Afro-Caribbean (high testosterone) 4) BRCA-2 (5-7x) 5) HOXB-13 6) fatty diet

Question 12

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Risk Factors (4)

Answer 12

1) >50 years old (increases with age) 2) family history 3) Afro-Caribbean (high testosterone) 4) smoking

Question 13

Pyelonephritis - Risk Factors (10)

Answer 13

1) <35 years old 2) female 3) sex 4) pregnancy 5) menopause 6) urinary tract obstruction (e.g. renal calculi) 7) catheter 8) diabetes mellitus 9) immunocompromised (e.g. HIV, chemo, steroids) 10) congenital abnormalities

Question 14

Cystitis - Risk Factors (10)

Answer 14

1) >60 years old 2) female 3) sex 4) pregnancy 5) menopause 6) urinary tract obstruction (e.g. renal calculi) 7) catheter 8) diabetes mellitus 9) immunocompromised (e.g. HIV, chemo, steroids) 10) congenital abnormalities

Question 15

Prostatitis - Risk Factors (7)

Answer 15

1) 35-50 year olds 2) male 3) sexually transmitted infection 4) urinary tract infection 5) benign prostatic hyperplasia 6) post biopsy 7) catheter

Question 16

Urethritis - Risk Factors (4)

Answer 16

1) 15-24 years old 2) female 3) homosexual male 4) unprotected sex

Question 17

Erectile Dysfunction - Risk Factors (12)

Answer 17

1) ischaemic heart disease 2) peripheral vascular disease 3) hypertension 4) hypogonadism 5) diabetes mellitus 6) smoking 7) alcohol 8) neurological disease 9) psychosexual/relationship problems 10) antihypertensive 11) antidepressant 12) antiandrogenic