Genitourinary Conditions Cause

Question 1

Acute Kidney Injury - Causes (Pre-Renal) (5)

Answer 1

1) decreased cardiac output (cardiogenic shock) 2) decreased blood volume (haemorrhage, burns, diarrhoea, vomiting, diuretics) 3) systemic vasodilation (septic shock) 4) renal vasoconstriction (NSAID, ACEi, ARB, hepatorenal syndrome) 5) ischaemia (renal artery stenosis)

Question 2

Acute Kidney Injury - Causes (Intra-Renal) (4)

Answer 2

1) acute glomerulonephritis (nephrotoxic drugs, infection, SLE) 2) acute interstitial nephritis (nephrotoxic drugs, infection) 3) acute tubular necrosis (nephrotoxic drugs, myeloma) 4) vascular (vasculitis, thrombus)

Question 3

Acute Kidney Injury - Causes (Post-Renal) (2)

Answer 3

1) internal obstruction (renal calculi, urinary tract tumour, stricture) 2) external compression (benign prostatic hyperplasia, pelvic tumour)

Question 4

Chronic Kidney Disease - Causes (6)

Answer 4

1) diabetes mellitus 2) hypertension 3) acute kidney injury 4) polycystic kidney disease 5) glomerular nephritic/nephrotic syndrome 6) autoimmune (e.g. SLE, RA)

Question 5

Pyelonephritis - Causes (5)

Answer 5

KEEPS 1) Klebsiella 2) Enterocci 3) Escherichia coli* 4) Proteus 5) Staphylococci

Question 6

Cystitis - Causes (5)

Answer 6

KEEPS 1) Klebsiella 2) Enterococci 3) Escherichia coli* 4) Proteus 5) Staphylococci

Question 7

Prostatitis - Causes (5)

Answer 7

1) Escherichia coli (80%) 2) Enterococci 3) Pseudomonas 4) Chlamydia 5) Streptococci faecaelis

Question 8

Urethritis - Causes (7)

Answer 8

sexually transmitted infection 1) Chlamydia trachomatis* 2) Neisseria gonorrhoea 3) Ureaplasma urealyticum 4) Mycoplasma genitalum trauma 5) catheter 6) urethral stricture 7) urinary calculi

Question 9

Erectile Dysfunction - Causes (Organic) (6)

Answer 9

1) vascular (e.g. atherosclerosis) (40%) 2) diabetes mellitus (30%) 3) iatrogenic (15%) 4) trauma (e.g. radical prostatectomy) 5) neurogenic 6) endocrine

Question 10

Erectile Dysfunction - Causes (Psychogenic) (5)

Answer 10

1) age related libido decline 2) partner related 3) fear of failure 4) depression 5) major life stress (e.g. death of partner)