Genitourinary Flashcards
Bacterias in Catheter-associated UTIs (CA-UTIs)
• Escherichia coli
- Most common causative agent
- Normal biota of the gut
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Found in sexually active young females
• Enterococcus
• Klebsiella can also be a cause
Infection of the bladder
• Signs and symptoms
- Pain in the pubic area, frequent urges to
urinate, dysuria (painful urination)
- Cloudy urine or hematuria (blood in urine)
Cystitis
• Infection of the kidneys
• Signs and symptoms
- Same as cystitis accompanied by back
pain and high fever
Can result in permanent damage to
kidneys
Pyelonephritis
Infection of the urethra
Urethritis
Predisposing factors to UTI
- Gender
- Mechanical factors
- metabolic disorders
- anatomical abnormalities
Virulence factor of E. coli for uti
Adhesins motility
Normal biota for male genital tract
Lactobacillus
Streptococcus spp.
Normal biota for female genital tract
Lactobacillus
Candida albicans
Prevotella
Streptococcus
Treatment for E. coli and S. saprophyticus in uti
Nitrofurantoin
Zoonosis associated with wild and domestic
animals; long term disability and death results
Leptospirosis
Phases of leptospirosis
Leptospirosis phase - pathogen appears in blood and csf, high fever, muscle aches, conjunctivitis
Immune phase - mild fever and head ache due to leptospiral meningitis
- Weil’s syndrome - kidney invasion
Spirochete with tight, regular, individual coils
with a bend or hook at the end
Leptospira interrogans
Treatment for Leptospira interrogans
Doxycycline or penicillin G
Ceftriaxone in severe disease
Lodges in the blood vessels of the bladder
Schistosoma haematobium
Target of Schistosoma haematobium
Invades intact skin and attaches to vascular endothelium.
Bladder
Treatment for Schistosoma haematobium
Praziquantel
Causitive agents of Vaginitis
Candida albicans (yeast infection)
Trichomonas
• Dimorphic fungus
• Normal biota of on mouth, GI tract, and vagina
• Easily detectable on wet prep or gram stain
• Grows in thick, curd-like whitish colonies
• Usually opportunistic infection
Candida albicans
Treatment for Candida albicans
Topical and oral azole drugs treat
vaginal candidiasis
• Small, pear-shaped protozoa
• Women who become infected during pregnancy
are predisposed to premature labor and low birthweight infants
• Most common nonviral STI
Trichomonas vaginalis
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole tinidazole
• Common condition in women in childbearing
years
• Does not induce inflammation in the vagina
• Produces discharge with a fishy odor, and
itching is common
• Most likely the result of the reduction of the
lactobacilli in the vagina
• Mixed infection of Gardnerella vaginalis,
Atopobium, and Mobiluncus
- Most common cause
• Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
• Not sexually transmitted but more common in
sexually active women
Vaginosis
Treatment for vaginosis
Metronidazole
Clindamycin
• Also known as the gonococcus
• Pyogenic, gram-negative diplococcus
• Use fimbriae to attach to mucosal epithelial cells
• Phase variation confuses immune system
• Transmitted through all forms of sexual contact
• Infection increases risk of HIV
• Different isolates are antibiotic resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
