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Microbiology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Unusual and chemically distinct cell wall that
lacks true peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

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2
Q

Part of the cell wall only found in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Classifications of Archaea

A

MEPH

Methanogens - Convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)

Extreme Halophiles - require salt to grow (uses red pigment eg. sunlight)

Psychrophiles - grow at very low temp/cold

hyperthermophiles - Grow at very high / hot temperature
Salt and acid tolerant

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4
Q

Characteristics used between bacteria and archaea in early years

A

shape, arrangement, growth,
characteristics, and habitats

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5
Q

Difference between bacteria and archaea in recent years

A

biochemistry, genetics, and
molecular traits

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6
Q

4 major divisions of taxonomic scheme

A

Gracilicutes - gram negative cell wall / thin skinned

Firmicutes - gram positive / thick and strong

Tenericutes - lack cell walls / soft

Mendosicutes - archaea

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7
Q

3 divisions of diagnostic scheme

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Bacteria without cell walls

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8
Q

Subgroups of diagnostic scheme

A

• Cell shape
• Arrangements
• Oxygen usage

Aerobic – use oxygen in metabolism (aerobes)

Anaerobic – do not use oxygen in metabolism (anaerobes)

Facultative – may or may not use oxygen (facultative bacteria)

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9
Q

Activities of bacteria

A

Colonies- clusters

Biofilms – could cause some harmful effects to humans

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10
Q

What is bacteria capable of

A
  • Reproduction
    Binary fission – multiplication of single bacterium into millions

-Metabolism
-Nutrient processing

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11
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

1 micrometer

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12
Q

Size of nanobacteria

A

0.05 to 0.2 micrometer

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13
Q

100 to 750 μm
Largest bacterium
Found in South Africa
Can be seen by the naked eye

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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14
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

Coccus/cocci - oval (micrococcus luteus)

Bacillus/bacilli - rod/cylindrival streptobacillus sp.

Curved spiral vibrio cholera

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15
Q

Mo definitely shape or variation of bacteria

A

Pleomorphism

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16
Q

Types of cocci

A

Diplococci – pairs
- Neisseria sp. – causes gonorrhea and
meningitis in humans
- Streptococcus pneumoniae –
causes respiratory diseases
(pneumonia)

• Tetrads – groups of four
• Staphylococci and micrococci – irregular clusters
• Streptococci – chains of a few to hundreds
• Sarcina – cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

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17
Q

Types of bacilli

A

Diplobacilli – pairs of cells with their ends attached
o Klebsiella sp.
o Moraxella
o Coxiella burnetti

Streptobacilli – chains of cells
Streptobacillus moniliformis – responsible for causing the rat bite fever (present in saliva of rats)

• Coccobacilli – short and stumpy

Palisades – cells of a chain remain partially
attached and fold back, creating a side-by-side
row of cells (have picket-fence like shape)

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18
Q

Types of coccobacilli

A

Chlamydia trachomatis – causes chlamydia

Gardnerella vaginalis – cause
bacterial vaginosis among women

Haemophilus influenzae – cause respiratory diseases, especially in children

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19
Q

Type of palisades

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae – causes diphtheria

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20
Q

Curved bacteria

A

Vibrio - comma shaped
Spirillium - helical and rigid
Spirochete - flexible and helical

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21
Q

Bacteria without cell walls

A

Pleumorphic
Mycoplasma species

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22
Q

Display extreme variations in shape due to lack of cell walls (can alter size and shape)

Their cell walls are softer

A

Mycoplasma

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23
Q

Two major appendages of bacteria

A

Flagella and axial filaments
- Provide motility / movement

Fimbriae, pili, and nanowires
- Provide attachment points or channels

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24
Q

Flagellar arrangements

A

Polar – flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell

  • Monotrichous – single flagellum
  • Lophotrichous – small bunches or tufts
  • Amphitrichous – flagella at both poles of the cell
    • Peritrichous – flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
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25
Q

A special form of flagella for spirochetes

A

Periplasmic flagella

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26
Q

Two or more long coiled threads found in spirochetes

A

Axial filaments

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27
Q

Movement in response to chemical signals

A

Chemotaxis

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28
Q

Movement towards the light

A

Phototaxis

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29
Q

Appendages for attachement

A

Pili - adhesion but not locomotion
Fimbriae - adhesion but not locomotion
Flagella - also used for attachment

30
Q

Small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface
of certain species of bacteria

Composition varies, but most contain proteins

A

Fimbriae

31
Q

use fimbriae to
adhere to epithelial cells

A

Escherichia coli

32
Q

Long, rigid, tubular structure made of pilin protein

Only found in gram-negative bacteria

Used in conjugation

A

Pili

33
Q

Surface coatings

A

S layer - produced in hostile environments / single protein linked

Glycocalyx - gelatinous

Slime layer - losee / prtects from loss of water

Capsule - tightly bound / denser thicker

34
Q

Has a very thick
layer of cell wall /
peptidoglycans

Purple or blue stain
Crystal violet

A

Gram positive

35
Q

Has a very thin
layer of peptidoglycans &
has an extra layer called the outer membrane layer

Pink or red
Safranin

A

Gram negative

36
Q

Provides strong structural support to keep the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure

Primarily made up of peptidoglycans

A

Cell wall

37
Q

Made up primarily of alternating chains of
proteins and sugars

A

Peptidoglycan

38
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

39
Q

Lack cell wall structure of gram-positive or gram-
negative bacteria

A

Nontypical cell wall

40
Q

Very long-chain fatty acid

Contributes to pathogenicity of these organisms

Provides stronger protection

A

Mycolic acid (cord factor)

41
Q

used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy

A

Acid fast stain

42
Q

Naturally lack cell wall

Membrane is stabilized by sterols / fatty acids
and is resistant to lysis

A

Mycoplasmas

43
Q

Functions of cytoplasmic membrane

A

Energy reactions
Nutrient processing
Synthesis
Regulate transport

44
Q

Stimulates fever and shock reactions

A

Endotoxins

45
Q

Anchor the outer membrane to
peptidoglycan

A

Lipoproteins

46
Q

Only allow relatively small molecules to
penetrate

A

Porin proteins

47
Q

Prominent site for the cell’s biochemical and
synthetic activities

A

Cytoplasm

48
Q

Single circular strand of DNA

Aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid

DNA is tightly coiled around basic protein molecules to fit into the cell compartment

A

Bacterial chromosome

49
Q

Nonessential pieces of DNA
Important for genetic engineering

A

Plasmids

50
Q

Organelle that are not membrane bound

Made up of RNA and protein for protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

51
Q

Measurement of the relative size of cell parts through sedimentation during centrifugation

A

Svedberg units

52
Q

Svedberg (S) units of bacterial And eukaryotic ribosomes

A

Bacterial - 70S
Eukaryotic - 80S

53
Q

Storage site for nutrients during periods of abundance

A

Inclusion bodies

54
Q

Long polymers of proteins similar to eukaryotic
actin

Potential target for antibiotic development

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival
• Can resist:
o Heating
o Drying
o Freezing
o Radiation
o Chemicals

A

Endospores

56
Q

Two phase life cycle

A
  1. Vegetative cell - active
  2. Endospore - resting
57
Q

Occurs when the bacteria has been exposed in
a hostile environment

Process of transformation from vegetative cell
to endospore

A

Sporulation

58
Q

Process of transformation from endospore to
vegetative cell

A

Germination

59
Q

Diseases to spore persistence

A
  1. Bacillus anthracis (cutaneous and inhalation anthrax)
  2. Clostridium tetani - tetanus
  3. Clostridium perfringens - infection of wounds
  4. Clostridium botulinum - botulism / infected cans or jars
60
Q

Members cause boils, skin infections, sepsis

A

Staphylococcus

61
Q

Species cause strep throat, dental caries, pneumonia

A

Streptococcus

62
Q

Involved in wound infections

A

Peptococcus & Peptostreptococcus

63
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus

64
Q

Tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism

A

Clostridium

65
Q

Erysipeloid

A

Lactobacillus, Listeria, and Erysipelothrix

66
Q

Diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium

67
Q

Tuberculosis, leprosy

A

Mycobacterium

68
Q

Gonorrhea, meningitis

A

Neisseria

69
Q

Dental disease

A

Veillonella

70
Q

Pneumonia, burn infections

A

Pseudomonas

71
Q

Pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma

72
Q

Urinary infection

A

Ureplasma

Microbiology (7 decks)

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