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ASCP M Mometrix > GENITAL TRACT > Flashcards

GENITAL TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

Stuart media and Amies charcoal media
are often used for the preservation of

A

organisms detected in genital tract samples.

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2
Q

Genital tract
specimens are collected with the following methods:

A

urethral
vaginal
cervical
endocervical

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3
Q

Urethral collection is

A

best when preformed more than 1 hour after urination. After
discharge is removed from the opening of the urethra, a sterile swab is inserted 2–4 cm into
the urethra, rotated for 2–3 seconds to ensure adequate sampling, and then the swab is
removed

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4
Q

Vaginal collection requires

A

excess discharge to be wiped from the opening of the vaginal
canal before a swab is inserted. Once inserted into the vaginal canal, the swab is rotated to
collect secretions from the mucosal membranes

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5
Q

Cervical and endocervical collection uses a

A

speculum to view the cervical canal; however,
lubrication cannot be used when inserting the device because it can be harmful to
organisms for culture

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6
Q

Mucus and vaginal material are

A

removed with a swab that is then
discarded. A second sterile swab is inserted into the cervix, and the canal is swabbed in a
firm but gentle manner.

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7
Q

Endocervical samples for

A

chlamydia require more vigorous
swabbing to collect epithelial cells

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8
Q

INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS OF MALE & FEMALE URETHRA

A

o Gram-positive cocci
❖ S. epidermidis: opaque, gray, smooth, raised, nonhemolytic
❖ Enterococcus faecalis: small, smooth, gray nonhemolytic
o Gram-positive bacilli
❖ Corynebacterium species: small to medium, gray, white, or yellow, nonhemolytic
o Gram-negative diplococci
❖ Neisseria species: small, white to gray-brown, smooth, butter-like, translucent with a
green hue on agar underneath

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9
Q

INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS OF VAGINA

A

o Gram-positive cocci
❖ Staphylococcus species: opaque, white to yellow, smooth, circular
❖ Micrococcus species: opaque, white to bright yellow, smooth, raised
❖ Viridans streptococci: gray, translucent, umbonate center, alpha-hemolytic
❖ Enterococcus species: small, gray, circular
o Gram-positive bacilli
❖ Lactobacillus species: small to medium, gray, alpha-hemolytic
❖ Corynebacterium species: see description above
o Gram-negative bacilli
❖ Escherichia coli: circular, dull gray, smooth, convex.

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10
Q

METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH VAGINITIS

A

wet mount
Immunochromatographic dipsticks
KOH
Calcofluor-white
clue cells

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11
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis can be detected in

A

fresh-void urine from males and females, prostatic
secretions, and the vaginal canal

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12
Q

The most common detection of Trichomonas is

A

through direct
observation on a wet mount or in urine sediment.

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13
Q

Microscopic detection of
Trichomonas reveals

A

a pear-shaped trophozoite similar in size to a neutrophil, moving by its flagella
in jerky, undulating movements

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14
Q

If microscopic analysis cannot immediately be observed

A

Trichomonas is still detectable, but it may not be motile and will take on a more spherical shape
making it more difficult to differentiate from a WBC

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15
Q

Immunochromatographic dipsticks that
detect

A

T. vaginalis antigens are available, and they eliminate the need for live organisms and
immediate testing

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16
Q

Candida species can be detected

A

under microscopic examination using a variety of methods and
stains

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17
Q

Yeast can be observed directly with

A

a light microscope in wet mount or urine sediment
samples.

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18
Q

The use of KOH reagent will

A

lyse cells and clear excess debris from samples, aiding in the
visualization of yeast and fungal elements

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19
Q

Calcofluor-white stain is used to detect

A

yeast species
under a UV microscope by fluorescing fungal elements as a bright-white color that is easily
visualized

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20
Q

Candida presents on a Gram stain as

A

Gram-positive
buds, pseudohyphae, or true hyphae.

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21
Q

A culture and biochemical testing of urine and vaginal
samples containing Candida organisms can be

A

used to determine the specific species of yeast
responsible for the infection

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22
Q

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is most commonly associated with

A

an overgrowth of Gardnerella
vaginalis, but it can be caused by up to 35 unique species of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

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23
Q

The presence of clue cells in urine sediment or on a wet mount are indicative of

A

A BV infection

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24
Q

Clue cells are

A

vaginal squamous epithelial cells that are covered in bacteria, giving the cytoplasm a lacy
appearance

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25
Wet-prep samples will exhibit
clusters of sloughed-off clue cells covered in Gram- variable bacilli and coccobacilli
26
A Gram stain of a vaginal swab positive for BV will show
mixed flora with a decrease in the normal vaginal flora, Lactobacillus species.
27
Although more advanced methods are available, the mix of flora shown on a Gram stain can be
enumerated and a diagnosis of BV may be made
28
Molecular PCR methods are also available for
detecting species of bacteria known to cause BV.
29
N. gonorrhoeae is a
fastidious organism with specific storage and growth requirements for culture.
30
Specimens collected for N. gonorrhoeae culture should be
set up as soon as possible for the best viability of the organism
31
If inoculating the medium is delayed
samples suspected for a gonorrheal infection must stay at room temperature because refrigeration destroys viable organism
32
C. trachomatis is an
incredibly fastidious organism that requires complex and extensive nutrients for cultivation and growth.
33
Due to its intracellular obligations, C. trachomatis requires a
host cell, such as McCoy cells, to properly grow in a culture setting
34
Cells are inoculated with
sample, incubated in 5–10% CO2 for 48–72 hours, and observed for brown intracellular growth.
35
Samples suspected of chlamydial infections should be
submitted to the lab immediately or frozen at –70 °C for organisms to remain viable
36
Women in the third trimester of pregnancy are screened for
Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B strep, colonization in their vaginal canal and rectum
37
Infants are able to contract a
group B strep infection during delivery that can cause sepsis if not treated promptly and properly
38
Samples for culture of group B strep are
inoculated onto sheep blood agar with vertical stabs made in the agar to promote hemolysis, and they are incubated overnight in 5–10% CO2.
39
S. agalactiae is indicated by colony growth with a
narrow zone of beta-hemolysis underneath each colony.
40
CAMP test can be performed on
sheep blood agar to distinguish group B strep from other beta-hemolytic streptococcus species.
41
Diffusible extracellular CAMP proteins produced by
S. agalactiae react with beta-lysin produced by S. aureus to create an arrowhead-shaped zone of hemolysis at the intersection of an S. agalactiae streak made perpendicular to a streak of S. aureus.
42
Molecular methods for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and S. agalactiae are
advantageous because they do not rely on organisms’ viability and are more specific and time efficient than culture methods
43
Probe technologies use
hybridization and amplification of the bacterial genetic material to detect its presence in samples
44
Hybridization detects
bacterial ribosomal RNA with the use of chemiluminescent DNA probes or an RNA/DNA hybrid using antibody-mediated recognition
45
Some hybridization techniques allow for
the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis to be determined from a single sample
46
Amplification methods are more
sensitive by employing the detection and amplification of nucleic acids in organism-specific genes
47
PCR methods are able to detect
small amounts of DNA or RNA in a sample and replicate, or amplify, a target nucleic acid sequence for the detection of specific organisms
48
COMMON GENITOURINARY TRACT PATHOGENS
Trichomonas vaginalis Candida albicans N. gonorrhoeae C. trachomatis Treponema pallidum
49
Infections of the genitourinary tract are commonly caused by
opportunistic pathogens and manifest into urethritis, vaginitis, and cervicitis.
50
Bacterial vaginitis is a
polymicrobial infection that occurs when the balance of normal vaginal flora is disrupted
51
Vaginitis can also develop from
the sexual transmission of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
52
Opportunistic fungal infections caused by
Candida albicans arise when normal flora are inhibited by the use of antibiotics, and these infections often lead to itching, irritation, thick discharge, and burning while urinating.
53
Sexual transmission of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis will also lead to
genitourinary tract infections and are causative agents in pelvic inflammatory disease that may induce infertility in women
54
Other common symptoms of gonorrheal and chlamydial infections include
lower abdominal pain, discharge from the penis in males, vaginal discharge in females, and painful urination
55
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are spread by
sexual contact causing itching, bumps, rashes, or sores near the genitals, as well as painful urination.
56
Syphilis infections caused by
sexual transmission of Treponema pallidum begin with enlarged lymph nodes near the groin and painless sores on the body and genitals.
57
If not treated, syphilis infections can progress into
its secondary, latent, and tertiary stages that lead to irreversible systemic damage
58
CULTURE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA SPECIES
Urine, urethral, vaginal, and endocervical swabs are appropriate samples for detecting Mycoplasma species that are responsible for infections of the genital tract
59
Culture of Mycoplasma organisms requires
sterol-enriched media containing cholesterol and fatty acids from human or horse serum and incubation at 35–37 °C in a 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide environment.
60
Mycoplasma is a slow-growing organism and may take up to
four weeks after culture setup to grow small colonies with an inverted, “fried egg” appearance
61
Molecular detection of Mycoplasma has become
the method of choice for testing due to its high sensitivity and increased time efficiency
62
Real-time PCR and nucleic acid amplification methods have been
established for the rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections in the genital tract
63
Mycoplasma genitalium
common cause of genital tract infections, is detected molecularly via the tuf gene
64
How does Chlamydia trachomatis function?
functions in two forms: an infectious, extracellular elementary body and a noninfectious, intracellular reticulate body.
65
what is responsible for adhering to and entering host cells in Chlamydia trachomatis?
elementary body
66
What in Chlamydia trachomatis is the metabolically active form responsible for the intracellular reproduction of bacteria?
reticulate body
67
Gardnerella vaginalis adheres to
host epithelial cells and becomes cytotoxic to these cells with vaginolysin
68
What is critical for survival of Gardnerella vaginalis?
Sialidase; because it aids in colonization and the formation of a bacterial biofilm within a host
69
Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses
pili
70
What does pili aid in?
organism adherence to host mucosal cells and express antiphagocytic properties.
71
Host IgA antibodies normally block
bacterial adhesion
72
IgA protease enzymes in the bacteria hydrolyze IgA, allows
adhesion of host cells to occur and an infection to establish
73
Treponema pallidum’s adherence to host cells is promoted by
outer membrane proteins and infiltration into host cells is facilitated by hyaluronidase
74
Fibronectin prevents
the organism from phagocytosis by macrophages
75

ASCP M Mometrix (18 decks)

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