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ASCP M Mometrix > GENITAL TRACT > Flashcards

GENITAL TRACT Flashcards

1
Q

Stuart media and Amies charcoal media
are often used for the preservation of

A

organisms detected in genital tract samples.

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2
Q

Genital tract
specimens are collected with the following methods:

A

urethral
vaginal
cervical
endocervical

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3
Q

Urethral collection is

A

best when preformed more than 1 hour after urination. After
discharge is removed from the opening of the urethra, a sterile swab is inserted 2–4 cm into
the urethra, rotated for 2–3 seconds to ensure adequate sampling, and then the swab is
removed

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4
Q

Vaginal collection requires

A

excess discharge to be wiped from the opening of the vaginal
canal before a swab is inserted. Once inserted into the vaginal canal, the swab is rotated to
collect secretions from the mucosal membranes

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5
Q

Cervical and endocervical collection uses a

A

speculum to view the cervical canal; however,
lubrication cannot be used when inserting the device because it can be harmful to
organisms for culture

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6
Q

Mucus and vaginal material are

A

removed with a swab that is then
discarded. A second sterile swab is inserted into the cervix, and the canal is swabbed in a
firm but gentle manner.

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7
Q

Endocervical samples for

A

chlamydia require more vigorous
swabbing to collect epithelial cells

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8
Q

INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS OF MALE & FEMALE URETHRA

A

o Gram-positive cocci
❖ S. epidermidis: opaque, gray, smooth, raised, nonhemolytic
❖ Enterococcus faecalis: small, smooth, gray nonhemolytic
o Gram-positive bacilli
❖ Corynebacterium species: small to medium, gray, white, or yellow, nonhemolytic
o Gram-negative diplococci
❖ Neisseria species: small, white to gray-brown, smooth, butter-like, translucent with a
green hue on agar underneath

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9
Q

INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS OF VAGINA

A

o Gram-positive cocci
❖ Staphylococcus species: opaque, white to yellow, smooth, circular
❖ Micrococcus species: opaque, white to bright yellow, smooth, raised
❖ Viridans streptococci: gray, translucent, umbonate center, alpha-hemolytic
❖ Enterococcus species: small, gray, circular
o Gram-positive bacilli
❖ Lactobacillus species: small to medium, gray, alpha-hemolytic
❖ Corynebacterium species: see description above
o Gram-negative bacilli
❖ Escherichia coli: circular, dull gray, smooth, convex.

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10
Q

METHODS FOR DETECTION OF PATHOGENS ASSOCIATED WITH VAGINITIS

A

wet mount
Immunochromatographic dipsticks
KOH
Calcofluor-white
clue cells

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11
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis can be detected in

A

fresh-void urine from males and females, prostatic
secretions, and the vaginal canal

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12
Q

The most common detection of Trichomonas is

A

through direct
observation on a wet mount or in urine sediment.

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13
Q

Microscopic detection of
Trichomonas reveals

A

a pear-shaped trophozoite similar in size to a neutrophil, moving by its flagella
in jerky, undulating movements

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14
Q

If microscopic analysis cannot immediately be observed

A

Trichomonas is still detectable, but it may not be motile and will take on a more spherical shape
making it more difficult to differentiate from a WBC

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15
Q

Immunochromatographic dipsticks that
detect

A

T. vaginalis antigens are available, and they eliminate the need for live organisms and
immediate testing

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16
Q

Candida species can be detected

A

under microscopic examination using a variety of methods and
stains

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17
Q

Yeast can be observed directly with

A

a light microscope in wet mount or urine sediment
samples.

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18
Q

The use of KOH reagent will

A

lyse cells and clear excess debris from samples, aiding in the
visualization of yeast and fungal elements

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19
Q

Calcofluor-white stain is used to detect

A

yeast species
under a UV microscope by fluorescing fungal elements as a bright-white color that is easily
visualized

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20
Q

Candida presents on a Gram stain as

A

Gram-positive
buds, pseudohyphae, or true hyphae.

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21
Q

A culture and biochemical testing of urine and vaginal
samples containing Candida organisms can be

A

used to determine the specific species of yeast
responsible for the infection

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22
Q

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is most commonly associated with

A

an overgrowth of Gardnerella
vaginalis, but it can be caused by up to 35 unique species of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria

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23
Q

The presence of clue cells in urine sediment or on a wet mount are indicative of

A

A BV infection

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24
Q

Clue cells are

A

vaginal squamous epithelial cells that are covered in bacteria, giving the cytoplasm a lacy
appearance

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25
Q

Wet-prep samples will exhibit

A

clusters of sloughed-off clue cells covered in Gram-
variable bacilli and coccobacilli

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26
Q

A Gram stain of a vaginal swab positive for BV will show

A

mixed flora with a decrease in the normal vaginal flora, Lactobacillus species.

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27
Q

Although more advanced
methods are available, the mix of flora shown on a Gram stain can be

A

enumerated and a diagnosis of
BV may be made

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28
Q

Molecular PCR methods are also available for

A

detecting species of bacteria known
to cause BV.

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29
Q

N. gonorrhoeae is a

A

fastidious organism with specific storage and growth requirements for culture.

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30
Q

Specimens collected for N. gonorrhoeae culture should be

A

set up as soon as possible for the best
viability of the organism

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31
Q

If inoculating the medium is delayed

A

samples suspected for a gonorrheal
infection must stay at room temperature because refrigeration destroys viable organism

32
Q

C. trachomatis is an

A

incredibly fastidious organism that requires complex and extensive nutrients
for cultivation and growth.

33
Q

Due to its intracellular obligations, C. trachomatis requires a

A

host cell,
such as McCoy cells, to properly grow in a culture setting

34
Q

Cells are inoculated with

A

sample,
incubated in 5–10% CO2 for 48–72 hours, and observed for brown intracellular growth.

35
Q

Samples
suspected of chlamydial infections should be

A

submitted to the lab immediately or frozen at –70 °C
for organisms to remain viable

36
Q

Women in the third trimester of pregnancy are screened for

A

Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B
strep, colonization in their vaginal canal and rectum

37
Q

Infants are able to contract a

A

group B strep
infection during delivery that can cause sepsis if not treated promptly and properly

38
Q

Samples for
culture of group B strep are

A

inoculated onto sheep blood agar with vertical stabs made in the agar
to promote hemolysis, and they are incubated overnight in 5–10% CO2.

39
Q

S. agalactiae is indicated by
colony growth with a

A

narrow zone of beta-hemolysis underneath each colony.

40
Q

CAMP test can be
performed on

A

sheep blood agar to distinguish group B strep from other beta-hemolytic
streptococcus species.

41
Q

Diffusible extracellular CAMP proteins produced by

A

S. agalactiae react with
beta-lysin produced by S. aureus to create an arrowhead-shaped zone of hemolysis at the
intersection of an S. agalactiae streak made perpendicular to a streak of S. aureus.

42
Q

Molecular methods for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and S. agalactiae are

A

advantageous because they do not rely on organisms’ viability and are more specific and time
efficient than culture methods

43
Q

Probe technologies use

A

hybridization and amplification of the
bacterial genetic material to detect its presence in samples

44
Q

Hybridization detects

A

bacterial
ribosomal RNA with the use of chemiluminescent DNA probes or an RNA/DNA hybrid using
antibody-mediated recognition

45
Q

Some hybridization techniques allow for

A

the detection of N.
gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis to be determined from a single sample

46
Q

Amplification methods are
more

A

sensitive by employing the detection and amplification of nucleic acids in organism-specific genes

47
Q

PCR methods are able to detect

A

small amounts of DNA or RNA in a sample and replicate, or
amplify, a target nucleic acid sequence for the detection of specific organisms

48
Q

COMMON GENITOURINARY TRACT PATHOGENS

A

Trichomonas vaginalis
Candida albicans
N. gonorrhoeae
C. trachomatis
Treponema pallidum

49
Q

Infections of the genitourinary tract are commonly caused by

A

opportunistic pathogens and manifest
into urethritis, vaginitis, and cervicitis.

50
Q

Bacterial vaginitis is a

A

polymicrobial infection that occurs
when the balance of normal vaginal flora is disrupted

51
Q

Vaginitis can also develop from

A

the sexual
transmission of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis

52
Q

Opportunistic fungal infections caused by

A

Candida albicans arise when normal flora are inhibited by the use of antibiotics, and these
infections often lead to itching, irritation, thick discharge, and burning while urinating.

53
Q

Sexual
transmission of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis will also lead to

A

genitourinary tract infections
and are causative agents in pelvic inflammatory disease that may induce infertility in women

54
Q

Other
common symptoms of gonorrheal and chlamydial infections include

A

lower abdominal pain,
discharge from the penis in males, vaginal discharge in females, and painful urination

55
Q

Herpes
simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are spread by

A

sexual contact
causing itching, bumps, rashes, or sores near the genitals, as well as painful urination.

56
Q

Syphilis
infections caused by

A

sexual transmission of Treponema pallidum begin with enlarged lymph
nodes near the groin and painless sores on the body and genitals.

57
Q

If not treated, syphilis infections
can progress into

A

its secondary, latent, and tertiary stages that lead to irreversible systemic
damage

58
Q

CULTURE AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA SPECIES

A

Urine, urethral, vaginal, and endocervical swabs are appropriate samples for detecting Mycoplasma
species that are responsible for infections of the genital tract

59
Q

Culture of Mycoplasma organisms requires

A

sterol-enriched media containing cholesterol and fatty acids from human or horse serum and incubation
at 35–37 °C in a 95% nitrogen and 5% carbon dioxide environment.

60
Q

Mycoplasma is a slow-growing organism and
may take up to

A

four weeks after culture setup to grow small colonies with an inverted, “fried egg”
appearance

61
Q

Molecular detection of Mycoplasma has become

A

the method of choice for testing due to its high
sensitivity and increased time efficiency

62
Q

Real-time PCR and nucleic acid amplification methods
have been

A

established for the rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections in the genital tract

63
Q

Mycoplasma genitalium

A

common cause of genital tract infections,
is detected molecularly via the tuf gene

64
Q

How does Chlamydia trachomatis function?

A

functions in two forms: an infectious, extracellular elementary body and a
noninfectious, intracellular reticulate body.

65
Q

what is responsible for adhering to and
entering host cells in Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

elementary body

66
Q

What in Chlamydia trachomatis is the metabolically active form responsible for the
intracellular reproduction of bacteria?

A

reticulate body

67
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis adheres to

A

host epithelial cells and becomes cytotoxic to these cells with
vaginolysin

68
Q

What is critical for survival of Gardnerella vaginalis?

A

Sialidase; because it aids in colonization and the
formation of a bacterial biofilm within a host

69
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses

A

pili

70
Q

What does pili aid in?

A

organism adherence to host mucosal cells and
express antiphagocytic properties.

71
Q

Host IgA antibodies normally block

A

bacterial adhesion

72
Q

IgA protease enzymes in the bacteria hydrolyze IgA, allows

A

adhesion of host cells to occur and an
infection to establish

73
Q

Treponema pallidum’s adherence to host cells is promoted by

A

outer membrane proteins and
infiltration into host cells is facilitated by hyaluronidase

74
Q

Fibronectin prevents

A

the organism from
phagocytosis by macrophages

75
Q
A

ASCP M Mometrix (18 decks)

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