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biology 11 > Genetics Unit > Flashcards

Genetics Unit Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Hereditary

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of hereditary and variation

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

DNA

A

A molecule that carries genetic info. for cells makes up a chromosome

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4
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNASE that codes for a particular trait

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5
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, vary in shape, size and number between species usually consistent within species.

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7
Q

Chromosomes occur in sets, diploid and haploid mean

A

Cells have two sets of chromosomes (2N), and have half the no. of Chrom. (N)

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8
Q

Polypoid

A

Cells have 3+ sets of Chrom.

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9
Q

Cells alternate between phases of

A

Dividing and not dividing

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10
Q

The cell cycle refers to the______ from one division to another

A

Sequence of events

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11
Q

Cell division includes

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis and interphase

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12
Q

Interphase

A

Takes up most of the cells life, cell gathers nutrients and grows, to divide, the genetic material must be replicated, chromosomes in this form are long and thin. At end of interphase, the centromere attaches the sis chroms

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13
Q

Chromatin

A

Genetic material is made up of DNA strands, double sets of chromosomes attached at centromere are sister chromatids

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Process ensures each new cell has chromatin, made up of 4 stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromes become short and thick, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles move to poles of cell, form spindle fibres attach to centromeres

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromes line up in equator

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, spindle fibres contract and shorten, sis chromes separate and pulled to opp. poles of cell

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18
Q

Telophase

A

Complete set of chromes at each pole, single stranded chromes uncoil into thin strands of chromatin, spindle fibres dissolve, nuclear membrane reforms

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19
Q

Cytokenesis

A

Cytoplasm and organelles separate, two daughter cells are formed, in many protists, fungi and animal cells, the cell pinches into two parts, in plants a cell wall or plate separates the two parts

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20
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

A process that produces genetic variety, offspring inherit genetic info from both parents, and differ genetically from them and each other, offspring receive a complete set of genetic instructions or genes from both parents, each Chrom from one parent is matched by the other, paired chroms are called homologous pairs

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21
Q

Gamete formation

A

Gametes are haploid sex cells, includes sperm and egg cells, produced by meiosis

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22
Q

Fertilization

A

Joining together or fission of two gametes, new cell called zygote, which is diploid

23
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Matching pairs of chroms, similar size and carrying info for the same genes

24
Q

Meiosis

A

Two stage cell division, the daughter cells have half the no of Chrom.s as the parents, used to form gametes, uses two divisions, produce 4 haploid cells. Allows for genetic variation in a pop. Achieved by crossing over homologous pairs exchange DNASE

25
Q

Meiosis I

A

Reduction division uses diploid chrom that’s reduced to haploid

26
Q

Meiosis II

A

Chrom unchanged but total no increases to 4, very similar to. It’s is

27
Q

Prophase I

A

Sis chroms joined at centromere, chroms short and thick, exchange DNA, cross over, nuclear membrane dissolve, sis chroms find homologous pairs form tetrad, synapsids when sis Chrom intertwine

28
Q

Metaphase I

A

Tetrad line up in equator

29
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous Chrom pulled to opp. Ends by spindle fibres, reduction division b/c sis Chrom from each homologous pairs found in new daughter cells

30
Q

Telophase I

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, cell starts to divide, cells are haploid

31
Q

Prophase II

A

Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibres form

32
Q

Metaphase II

A

Sis chroms line up along equator

33
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sis chroms separate to poles, nuclear membrane reforms, chromatids are chromosomes

34
Q

Telophase II

A

Cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells produced, haploid

35
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Meiosis in animals happens in testes and ovaries,def. the formation of sex cells in meiosis, sex cells are haploid are produced by meiosis, spermatogenesis produces sperm cells, loge ness forms egg cells, makes gametes, in gonads

36
Q

Oogenesis

A

One of the daughter cells gets most of cytoplasm, others, polar bodies die off final product one egg

37
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Cytoplasm divided equally, four equal sized sperm cells produced, each cell is small, streamlined for max motility.

38
Q

Why are there more sperm then egg cells

A

Male and female gametes must be diff, for sperm to swim long way, and egg to have enough nutrients to sustain life

39
Q

Karyotes

A

A picture of chromes that have been arranged according to no., size, shape, or some other characteristic

40
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

During meiosis errors may occur, most die, but some live and cause serious problems

41
Q

Two types of chromosomal error

A

Changes in chromosomal structure and change in chromosomal number

42
Q

Chrom structure 4 types of errors

A

Deletion, addition, inversion, translocation ( no. 3 Chrom part on Chrom 4)

43
Q

Change in Chrom no.

A

When homologous pairs don’t separate correctly; non-disjunction, can occur in anaphase I and II

44
Q

Random assortment of homologous pairs

A

Metaphase I chroms line up in equator, depending on line up, many diff combos can be found in gametes, random assortment, no. Of diff ways chroms can line up, no. of combos determined by no. of chroms, only diploid , 2N^2, each human 8,388,608 possible combos

45
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Monosomy, missing a Chrom, trisomy, extra Chrom

46
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra Chrom 21 ,Short neck, extra skin at back of neck, flattened facial profile and nose, small head, ears and mouth, upward slanting eyes, young adults have mental age of 8

47
Q

Patau syndrome

A

Extra Chrom 13, causes multiple organ defects, especially heart, cleft palate, overlapping fingers over thumb

48
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Extra Chrom 18, structural heart defects, developmental delays, growth deficiency

49
Q

Klleinfelter syndrome

A

Extra X Chrom plu X and Y normal, Severe speech problem, intellectual disability, less testosterone

50
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Partially or fully missing X Chrom in girls, heart abnormalities, brittle bones, learning disabilities

51
Q

Cloning

A

Process of making an organism genetically identical by non-sexual means ( same age starting as sample). Plants can be made faster, use less space, grown year round, mass production, of organisms with desired qualities, first cloned mammal dolly the sheep

52
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

Egg fertilized by sperm outside of body, used with cattle, other large animals to increase reproduction speed, helps breed large no. of animals and speeds up gene pool diversity

53
Q

Recombinant DNASE

A

DNASE created by combining 2+ species forms artificial DNA, improves crops, created insect and herbicide resistant plants

54
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Introduction of sperm into cervix or uterus using artificial insemination device, used for animal breeding sheep, horses, pigs

biology 11 (10 decks)

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