Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 11 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

True-breeding

A

An organism that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself, generation after generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic or feature exhibited by an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cross-fertilization

A

The fertilization of a female gamete from one organism with the male gamete of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parent Generation

P Gen.

A

Organisms that are initially crossed and are usually true breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First Filial Generation

F1 Gen.

A

The offspring of a cross of P generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Second Filial Generation

F2 Gen.

A

The offspring of a cross between the F1 Gen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring that result from crossing two true breeding varieties of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Monohybrid

A

The offspring produced from parents that differ in just one trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross of two individuals that differ by one trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Allele

A

A specific form of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dominant

A

The form of a trait that always appears when an individual has an alley for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recessive

A

The form of a trait that only appears when an individual has two alleles for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles for any given trait or the genetic make-up for an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical traits of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Punnett square

A

A grid used to illustrate all possible genotype a and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Test cross

A

A cross between a parent of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dihybrid

A

The offspring produced from parents that differ in two traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross of two individuals that differ in two traits due to two different genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel

A

1850 Austrian monk experimented with inheritance and genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What plant did Mendel use

A

Peas in monastery garden

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mendel’s hypothesis

A

Parents pass down separate and distinct factors to offspring and those factors are responsible for hereditary traits

22
Q

How many traits did Mendel experiment with

A

7 in two distinguishable forms

23
Q

What was the pea family tree recorded as

A

The P gen crossed gave F1 gen (Monohybrid cross)

24
Q

What were the first traits crossed

A

Green and yellow peasa

25
Q

What happened when the green and yellow peas were crossed?

A

Green disappeared, there were only yellow peas in the F1 gen

26
Q

For all 7 traits Mendel noticed Monohybrid crosses expressed _____

A

Only one form of the traits (dominant trait)

27
Q

When the F1 gen was crossed to form the ____ what was produced

A

F2 (yellow peas)

There was a 3 to 1 ratio of yellow to green peas, although green disappeared in F1 gen, it resurfaced in F2 gen

28
Q

3:1 ratio is refered to as

A

The Mendelian ratio

29
Q

Who is referred to as the Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

30
Q

What was Mendel’s First Law

A

The Law of Segregation

31
Q

What does the law of segregation state?

A

Traits are determined by pairs of alleles that segregate during meiosis so each gamete recurve some alleles

32
Q

Why was the F1 gen in Mendel’s experiment one colour?

A

One allele for colour is dominant over the other recessive allele. Yellow over green

33
Q

How is the trait in offspring determined

A

By which allele that’s inherited is dominant or recessive

34
Q

How are dominant and recessive alleles written

A

Upper case YY

Lower case Yy

35
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a trait

36
Q

What are the possible genotypse for a dominant trait

A

YY

Yy

37
Q

What is the genotype for a recessive trait

A

Yy

38
Q

Who made the Punnett square and why

A

Reginald Punnett to help analyze the results of crosses

39
Q

What can the Punnett square be used for

A

Predicting the phenotypes and genotypes of offspring in genetic crosses

40
Q

Mendel also looked at inheritance patterns of two traits, called

A

Dihybrid crosses

41
Q

On searching of a trait impacts another what law did Mendel come up with

A

His second law of independent assortment

42
Q

What did Mendel’s second law say

A

If genes are located on separate chromosomes they will be inherited independently of each other

43
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant but both influence rendering partial expression of both
white and red become pink

44
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed fully produces offspring of a 3rd type

intermingled some white and red hair

45
Q

Blood types AB are ____ and A B O are _____

A

Codominant

Dominant

46
Q 
Genotypes for types of blood
A
B
AB
I
A

I^A I^A, I^A i
I^B I^B, I^B i
I^A I^B
ii

47
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are inherited together due to placement on the same chromosome, they do not sort independently also sex chromosomes #23

48
Q

Is unlinking linked genes possible

A

Only if crossing over occurs during gamete formation

49
Q

Sex linked gene

A

Any gene located on the X or Y chromosome

50
Q

X ______ and Y _______ genes

A

Linked

51
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Traits controlled by X-linked and Y linked genes many are genetic disorders red green colorblindness, hemophilia

52
Q

Pedigree

A

Type of flowchart uses symbols to show inheritance patterns of treats in the family over many generations

53
Q

Geneticists use pedigrees why

A

To show how traits controlled by a single gene or multiple genes run through familyuseful for predicting disease in a family line

biology 11 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions