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biology 11 > Evolution Unit > Flashcards

Evolution Unit Flashcards

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0
Q

Organisms that survive are able to pass along to their

A

Offspring the genetic information that allowed them to survive

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1
Q

Organisms constantly faced environmental challenges severe weather competition for space this

A

Limits their ability to survive

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2
Q

Those that don’t survive become

A

Extinct and disappear completely from the earth

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3
Q

Survival of species depends on the species

A

Ability to adapt

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4
Q

Adaptions

A

Structures behaviors or physiological processes that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
Camouflage hibernation for the structure mimicry

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5
Q

How do adaptions develop

A

Adaptions are result of gradual accumulative changes that help an organism survive and reproduce
Possible because variation exists within a population

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6
Q

Variation

A

Differences between individuals which may be structural functional or physiological
Not all variations become adaptions

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7
Q

Environmental conditions

A

Determine whether a variation in an individual has a positive negative or no effect on the individuals ability to survive and reproduce

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8
Q

If an individual possesses a helpful variation

A

They are more likely to Survive which allows them to pass this variation to their offspring the variation becomes a trait of the population

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9
Q

What causes variation in a species

A

Variations and individual genes
species having different alleles
expression of alleles pass on
variation in a population from variation of genes

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10
Q

Why does genetic variation occur

A

Mutations caused by errors in DNA copying (interphase) to cells that are exposed to mutagens such as chemicals (dioxin) or radiation (UV)

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11
Q

Mutations

A

Permanent change in genetic material of an organism

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12
Q

Are mutations good bad or neutral

A

They can be all three
most cases mutations are harmful to both cells and organisms (cancer and genetic disorders) if the mutation occurs in a somatic cell it will disappear from population when the organism dies if it occurs in a gamete than it can be passed on in the population

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13
Q

Selective breeding of wild cabbage Brucic a Allaire Seiyu has produced the following plants

A 
Kohlrabi selected for stem
brussels sprouts for lateral buds cabbage terminal bud 
cauliflower sterile flower 
broccoli for stem And flowers 
kale large leaves 
ornamental cabbage colour
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14
Q

It took ____ years six Main veggies have been produced from one species of plant from selective breeding

A

2500

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15
Q

Artificial selection

A

Did you miss Acacian of animals and plants provided humans with a variety of foods over the centuries

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16
Q

Artificial selection

A

Controlled breathing in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait or chosen as parents for the next generation

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17
Q

What is the ancestor of the dog

A

Canis lupus Wolf was one of the earliest animals to be domesticated all modern breeds of dogs are descendent from wolves

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18
Q

What is the idea of selective breeding

A

In plants a specific trait is selected.
the seeds are then kept from the best plants that exhibit wanted traits, this continues for many generations until the desired version of the trade is achieved

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19
Q

Downside of artificial selection

A

Reduces the genetic diversity of the population
when specific traits are favored alleles for other traits are reduced or eliminated
Favoured traits may be linked to alleles that are detrimental which can lead to genetic disorders

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20
Q

Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Causes bloody cough and chest pain almost wiped out in 1970s intense 6 to 9 month course of four different antibiotics bacterium have been selectively bred to resist antibiotics all strains that were susceptible been killed off leaving survivors resistant which then breed

21
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

A

Found on human skin can cause pneumonia and meningitis MRSA resists the antibiotic methicillin selective breeding the survivors continue

22
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Leaves on December 1831 trip boat called HMS Beagle for 2 years goal to observe and record and collect specimens 4000 pages of detailed observations took five not two years Galápagos Islands believes in need ability before trip comes back on sure puts book together 20 years on origin of species by means of natural selection

23
Q

On the origins of Beasheas by means of natural selection

A

Published in 1859 but contained evidence that species had volt Darwin proposed the theory as to how by process of natural selection first person to suggest a mechanism for how evolution occurred Siri was based on five key observations two logical inferences

24
Q

Natural selection

A

The way in which nature favors the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others

25
Q

Five key observations by Darwin

A

1 in each generation populations produce more offspring than there are adults
2 populations don’t continue to grow in size
3 food and many other resources are limited
4 individuals within all populations very
5 many variations are inheritable

26
Q

Two inferences by Darwin

A

123 individuals within a population compete for resources

45 some individuals will inherit characteristics that give them a better chance of surviving and reproducing

27
Q

Darwin’s thesis theory of natural selection

A

overtime the population changes as advantageous harridans characteristics become more common generation after generation

28
Q

immutability

A

Long-standing believe for centuries this species could not change and had not changed

29
Q

In the 15th century

A

Although religion and philosophy influenced Human’s understanding of the natural world when science became of age many questioned the concept of immutability

30
Q

Comte (Count) de Buffon

A

Challenged the idea of the immutability by studying animal anatomy and physiology
proposed that species did change over time

31
Q

Jean-Baptist Lamarck

A

Proposed three ideas all species evolve overtime
species evolves in response to its environment and becomes better adapted to that environment
changes are passed on from one generation to another

32
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Credited with developing the scientific investigation of prehistoric life to the study of fossils paleontology believed in in mutability noted that fossils of simple organisms are found throughout fossil deposits while complex organisms were found in shallower deposits proposed theory of catastrophism which states globalcatastrophes floods cause extinction of species and that the species were replaced by new ones

33
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Father of modern geology proposed theory of uniformitarianism states the geologic changes are slow and gradual have not changed over time not only did he disagree with Cuvier but he believed the earth was very old not young

34
Q

Ideas of natural selection

A

Descent with modification common descent

35
Q

Common descent

A

Difference in offspring from each other and parents

36
Q

Common descent

A

All things are related born from base species or organism

37
Q

Evidences for evolution

A 
Darwin provided evidence for his theory some of which included 
1 biogeography 
2 fossil record 
3 homologous analogous 
4 embryology 
5 vestigial features
38
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of geographical distribution of organisms based on both living species in fossils animals found on islands often closely resemble animals found on the closest continents fossils of the same species can be found on the coastline of neighboring continents Pangaea goveluana Laurasia less than 1% of species in fossil record alive today although Darwin exam and fossils he was unable to find transitional fossils he felt that they would be found in future

39
Q

Fossil record

A

Fossil is any ancient remains impressions traces of an organism or or traces of that of its activity that have been preserved in rock can be formed in various ways
refrigeration Mammoth in ice carbonization leaf imprint in coal casting footprint in mud mineralization bones and shells

40
Q

Homologous and analogous features

A

homologous-structure with a common evolutionary origin that may serve different functions in modern species by human seen bone structure different function in modern species human bat cat
Analogous-structure that performs the same function as another but is not similar in origin or atomic structure bird insect wings

41
Q

Embryology

A

All embryos that are vertebrates look the same in early stages of development with the gill slits and a tail this suggests common ancestry with evolution modifying structures differently

42
Q

Vestigial features

A

-a rudimentary a nonfunctioning or only marginally functioning structure that is homologous to a fully functioning structure in a closely related species hipbones in Whales humans tonsils

43
Q

How old is the planet

A

6-10,000 years religious four .5 billion years

44
Q

Radiometric dating

A

A method used to age rocks by measuring the decay of radioisotopes in the rock age of fossils found in these rocks used

45
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Adams that undergo radioactive decay

46
Q

Parent isotopes

A

Original elements and they change into the new elements daughter isotope

47
Q

Half-life

A

Each isotope to Decay at its own rate this is measured in the unit called half-life
Amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope sample to decay into the daughter isotope

48
Q

Examples of elements used in radiometric dating

A

U235 PB 207 713 million years
K 48 Ar40 1 .3 billion
C14 N14 5730
Uranium 238 first element used K 40 most common element in rocks used extensively C14 used for measuring age of organic materials only

49
Q

Determining amount of parent isotope

A

Measuring amount of daughter isotope in sample comparing it to amount of original sample deduce age of sample

50
Q

Radiometric dating assumptions

A

1 decay is constant overtime
2 decay is not affected by heat
3 decay is not affected by pressure
4 elements do not migrate out of rocks overtime
5 amount of daughter isotope can be determined in original sample
Some discrepancies associated vast majority of scientists consider it accurate and reliable

biology 11 (10 decks)

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