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2ND YEAR, FIRST SEM > GENETICS - FINALS > Flashcards

GENETICS - FINALS Flashcards

definition and terms

1
Q

who proposed that the genes are partially linked or there is a linkage between them

A

-bateson
-saunders
-punnett

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2
Q

the association of genes within the some chromosome but which can be separated by recombination

A

linkage

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3
Q

a result of crossing-over wherein there is an exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes

A

recombination

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4
Q

linkage is not complete and gene pairs assort at least partially independent of each other

A

incomplete linkage

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5
Q

“the closer the genes are located on the chromosome, the greater the probability that they would be inherited together”

A

thomas hunt morgan

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6
Q

genes are closely associated that they are always inherited together

A

complete linkage

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7
Q

AB/ab or cis form also indicated the _

A

coupling phase

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8
Q

ab/AB or trans form also indicated the _

A

repulsion phase

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9
Q

the strength of linkage is expressed as linkage value

A

determination of linkage

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10
Q

the use of three genes to produce a linkage map

A

three-point test cross

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11
Q

phenomenon of inhibition of cross-over of by another cross-over nearby

A

interference

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12
Q

designed by H.J. Muller in 1916 and used by measuring

A

coefficient of coincidence

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13
Q

carriers of genes

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

fragments of DNA

A

genes

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15
Q

basic unit of chromatin

A

nucleosome

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16
Q

consists of a phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogen base

A

nucleotides

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17
Q

3 parts of nucleotide

A

-sugar (fructose)
-nitrogenous base
-phosphate group

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18
Q

characteristic of DNA

A

-strands are anti-parallel
-it follows the chargaff’s rule
-adenine=thymine
-guanine=cytosine

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19
Q

factors contributing to the stability of the DNA

A
  1. covalent bonds present
  2. many hydrogen bonds between base pairs
  3. hydrophobic interactions between the stacked nitrogen base pairs
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20
Q

4 scientist who discovered DNA

A

-james watson
-rosalind franklin
-francis crick
-maurice wilkins

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21
Q

types of RNA

A

-mrna
-trna
-rrna

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22
Q

made when DNA is transcribed into RNA

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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23
Q

reads the mRNA during transcription and translates it into amino acids

A

tranfer RNA (tRNA)

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24
Q

RNA found in ribosomes

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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25
Q

large complex molecules, made up of amino acids, that many important roles in the body

A

proteins

26
Q

required for the structure, function and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs

A

proteins

27
Q

comes from the greek word protcos, meaning “primary” or “first place”

A

proteins

28
Q

DNA replication is semiconservative is proved by

A

-matthew maselson
-franklin stahl

29
Q

the two parental stands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands, thus restoring the parental double helix

A

conservative models

30
Q

the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand

A

semiconservative model

31
Q

each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA

A

dispersive model

32
Q

DNA unwinds at the __

A

origin of replication

33
Q

opens up the DNA-forming replications and they are extended bidirectionally

A

helicase

34
Q

coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA

A

single-strand binding proteins

35
Q

binds at the region ahead of the replication fork to prevent supercoiling

A

topolsomerase

36
Q

synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand

A

primase

37
Q

starts adding nucleotides to the 3’ - OH end of the primer

A

DNA polymerase

38
Q

___ are removed by exonuclease activity

A

RNA primers

39
Q

exonuclease activity removes RNA primer and replaces with newly synthesized DNA

A

DNA polymerase I

40
Q

has the repair function and fix an error in the newly synthesized sequence

A

DNA polymerase II

41
Q
A
42
Q

main enzyme that adds nucleotides in the 5’-3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase III

42
Q

unwinds the DNA helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

A

helicase

43
Q

seals the gaps between the okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand

A

ligase

44
Q

synthesizes RNA primers needed to start replication

A

primase

45
Q

helps to hold the DNA polymerase in place when nucleotides are being added

A

sliding camp

46
Q

help relieve stress on DNA when unwinding by causing breaks and then resealing the DNA

A

topolsomerase

47
Q

binds to single-stranded DNA to avoid DNA rewinding back

A

single-strand binding proteins

48
Q

who formulated one gene - one enzyme hypothesis

A

-george w. beate
-edward tatum

49
Q

every gene controls a particular enzyme and the ultimate products of a metabolic process was affected by a stepwise succession of enzymes, each produced by a particular gene

A

one gene - one enzyme hypothesis

50
Q

also known as RNA synthesis

A

transcription

51
Q

it is the process where the transfer of information is from a double-stranded DNA molecule to a single-stranded RNA molecule

A

transcription

52
Q

rich in AT

A

prinbnow box

53
Q

facilitates localized unwinding of the DNA

A

pribnow box

54
Q

contains a G:C rich region followed by six or more A:T base pairs with the A’s present in the template strand

A

rho - independent terminator

55
Q

the G:C rich region can base pair and form a hairpin-like structure which retards the movement of RNA polymerase along the DNA

A

rho - independent terminator

56
Q

requires a protein rho

A

rho - dependent terminator

57
Q

it has high C and low G content upstream of the terminator and this signals rho to bind to mRNA

A

rho - dependent terminator

58
Q

the addition of about 100-200 adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end of the primary transcript m

A

3’ poly-a-tail

59
Q

a modified guanine added to the 5’ end of the transcript that protects the transcript from being broken down

A

5’ cap

60
Q

the noncoding introns are cut off by enzyme spliceosome

A

splicing

2ND YEAR, FIRST SEM (7 decks)

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