BSES 21 - GENETICS Flashcards
1
Q
sum of all characteristics and potentialities derived from one’s ancestors
A
hereditary
2
Q
branch of biology that deals with hereditary and variation
A
genetics
3
Q
individuals from same species, such as humans, still vary in some characteristics
A
variation
4
Q
branches of genetics
A
-molecular genetics
-developmental genetics
-cytogenetics
-biochemical genetics
-behavioral genetics
-population genetics
-quantitative genetics
5
Q
studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level
A
molecular genetics
6
Q
the study of how genes controls the growth and development of an organism throughout its life cycle
A
developmental genetics
7
Q
structure and function of the cell, especially chromosomes
A
cytogenetics
8
Q
fundamental relationships between genes, protein, and metabolism. it involves heritable disease
A
biochemical genetics
9
Q
examines the role of genetics in animal and human behavior
A
behavioral genetics
10
Q
allele frequency distribution and change under the influences of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow
A
population genetics
11
Q
continuously measured traits and their mechanisms
A
quantitative genetics
12
Q
father of medicine
A
hippocrates
13
Q
organisms’ environment can change the gemmules and will go to reproductive system then it will be passed to offspring
A
pangenesis theory of hippocrates and charles darwin
14
Q
father of evolution
A
charles darwin
15
Q
blood contains hereditary essence
A
aristotle
16
Q
inheritance of acquired characteristics
A
jean baptiste lamarck
17
Q
who proposed cell theory?
A
-matthias schleiden
-theodore schwann
-rudolf virchow
18
Q
what is cell theory?
A
-all organisms are made up of cells
-cell is the basic unit of life
-cell comes from pre-existing cells
19
Q
who contributed to the field of microbiology
A
luis pasteur
20
Q
who disapproved the idea of spontaneous generation - living organism comes from non-living components
A
luis pasteur
21
Q
he solidified the cell theory
A
luis pasteur
22
Q
father of modern genetics
A
gregor mendel
23
Q
what is gametes?
A
reproductive cell of animal and plants
24
Q
what is mendelian inheritance?
A
offsprings are not mixed of blended
25
who proposed the theory of inheritance?
walter sutton
theodore boveri
26
genes residing on chromosomes are trasmitted through the gametes
theory of inheritance
27
aims to improve human existence
eugenics
28
2 types of eugenics
-positive
-negative
29
it allows families to reproduce
positive eugenics
30
it prevents families to reproduce
negative eugenics
31
medical genetic interventions used to reduce the impact of affective genotypes
euphenics
32
it does not have true nucleus
prokaryotic cell
33
found in some bacterial cells and protects and help the cell to adhere the surfaces
capsule
34
an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives shape
cell wall
35
a gel-like substance composed mainly of water
cytoplasm
36
regulates the flow of substances in and out
cell membrane
37
hair-like structure that attach to surfaces
pili or pilus
38
help bacteria to attach to surfaces
fimbriae
39
long, whip-like profusions that aid in cellular locomotion
fiagelia
40
responsible for protein production
ribosomes
41
gene-carrying, a circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction
plasmids
42
instead of nucleus, prokaryotic cells have ___
nucleiod region
43
it have a true nuclues
eukaryotic cells
44
house of the cells' DNA and directs the synthesis of protein and ribosomes
nucleus
45
responsible for ATP production
mitochondria
46
modifies proteins and synthesize lipids
endoplasmic articulum
47
sorting the lipids and protein takes place
golgi apparatus
48
carry out oxidations reaction that break down fatty acids and amino acids and deoxify poisons
peroxisomes
49
function in storage and transports
vesicles and vacuoles
50
suicide sac
centrosome and lysosome
51
how many meters does the cell has?
3 meters
52
genetic material of all organisms
DNA
53
basic unit of the chromatids
nucleosome
54
carriers of genes
chromosomes
55
made up of very long DNA packaged with histones
chromosomes
56
how long does a DNA packaged have?
1400 nm width
57
site of constriction and where the kinetochore would attach to
centromere
58
site of spindle fiber attachment
kinetochore
59
at the tip of the chromosome arms which protect chromosome stability
telomeres
60
contain identical gene sites along their lengths
homologous chromosomes
61
cell increases in volume and organelles are reformed
g1
62
active synthesis of DNA and histones
s phase
63
active synthesis of RNA and proteins for chromosomes synthesis mitotic spindles are formed
g2
64
occurs in somatic or body cell
mitosis
65
means of replacing worn out tissues permits growth for asexual reproduction
mitosis
66
sister chromatids are pulled apart and directed toward opposite poles and create tow new cells
mitosis
67
two cells
diploid
68
begins with thickening and coiling of the chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleus, and a rounded structure inside the nucleus occurs
prophase
69
kinetochores appear, form of spindle and the nuclear membrane disintegrates
prometaphase
70
chromosomes line up along the midline of the cells
metaphase
71
chromatid pair separates and pulled to opposite end of the cell by the spindle fibers
anaphase
72
chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle fibers break down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli reforms
telophase
73
formation of cleavage furrow resulting of two dauther cells
cytokinesis
74
p53 in genes
tumor suppressor
75
cell death called
apoptosis
76
sex cells contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs
77
produces gametes or spores that are characterized by only one haploid set of chromosomes
meiosis
78
separation of homologous chromosomes
meiosis 1
79
produces two haploid cells
meiosis
80
chromatin in nucleus appear with many bead-like structure
leptonema
81
pairing of homologous chromosomes begins and the paired chromosomes form a bivalent consisting of 4 chromatids
zygonema
82
crossing-over generates further genetic variation if the exchange is between non-sister chromatids
pachynema
83
point of crossing-over
chiasma
84
longitudinal separation of homologues in a bivalent starts from the centromere and proceeds towards both ends except at the chiasma
diplonema
85
bivalents align
metaphase 1
86
inivalents separates
anaphase 1
87
nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
telophase 1
88
separation of sister chromatids
meiosis II
89
exhibited by animals humans and lower plants
terminal or gametic meiosis
90
exhibited flowering plants
intermediary or sporic meiosis
91
exhibited by some algae, fungi, and diatoms
initial or zygotic meiosis
92
basic unit of inheritance
gene
93
a segment of DNA that specifies the structure of a protein of an RNA molecule
gene
94
alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait
alleles
95
indicates the genes of a particular individual the genetic make up of an organism
genotype
96
the physical characteristics of the individual morphology, physiology behavior
phenotype
97
hereditary factor that expresses itself even there is only one copy in the genotype
dominant allele
98
only expresses itself when two copies are present in the genotype
recessive allele
99
having identical alleles for a given trait
homozygous
100
having different alleles for a given trait
heterozygous
101
if the two alleles differ, then one determines the organism's appearance and is called the dominant allele, the other has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance and it is called recessive allele
principle of dominance
102
a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited traits because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes
law of segregation
103
numbers of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation and randomly combine during fertilization
law of independent assortment
104
a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait)
monohybrid cross
105
only one gene controls a trait
allelic interactions
106
heterozygotes are identical phenotypically to homozygous dominants
complete dominance (3:1)
107
heterozygotes exhibit a superior phenotype compared to either homozygous parents
overdominance (1:2:1)
108
heterozygotes are phenotypically intermediate between the two homozygous parents
incomplete or partial dominance (1:2:1)
109
heterozygotes exhibit the mixture of the phenotypic characters of both homozygotes instead of a single intermediate expression
codominance (1:2:1)
110
death of the affected individual (homozygous dominant or heterozygous) occurs after reproduction has taken place
dominant lethal (0:1)
111
effects of recessive genes are sufficiently drastic to kill the bearers of certain genotypes
recessive lethal gene (1:2;3:0;1:0)
112
two genes are controlling a trait
non-allelic interaction
113
a complete dominance at both gene pairs but one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other
dominant epistatic (12:3:1)
114
complete dominance at both gene pairs. one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other, while the other gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the homozygous recessive state of the first gene (13:1)
dominant epistatic (12:3:1)
115
complete dominance at both gene pairs, but one gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic or masks the effect of the other gene
recessive epistatic (9:3:4)
116
complete dominance at both gene pairs, but either gene, when dominant is epistatic to the recessive of the other gene
duplicate genes (duplicate dominant epistatis (15:1)
117
complete dominance at both gene pair, but either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the effects of the dominant allele of the other
complementary genes (duplicate recessive epistatis (9:7)
118
complete dominance at both gene pairs. new phenotypes are produced from the interation between dominants, and both homozygous recessives
novel phenotype (9:3:3:1)
119
any one of a series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene, only two which can exist in any normal diploid individual
multiple alleles
120
external environment influences
-temperature
-light
-nutrition
121
internal environment influences
-age
-sex
-substrate
