BSES 21 - GENETICS Flashcards
sum of all characteristics and potentialities derived from one’s ancestors
hereditary
branch of biology that deals with hereditary and variation
genetics
individuals from same species, such as humans, still vary in some characteristics
variation
branches of genetics
-molecular genetics
-developmental genetics
-cytogenetics
-biochemical genetics
-behavioral genetics
-population genetics
-quantitative genetics
studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level
molecular genetics
the study of how genes controls the growth and development of an organism throughout its life cycle
developmental genetics
structure and function of the cell, especially chromosomes
cytogenetics
fundamental relationships between genes, protein, and metabolism. it involves heritable disease
biochemical genetics
examines the role of genetics in animal and human behavior
behavioral genetics
allele frequency distribution and change under the influences of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow
population genetics
continuously measured traits and their mechanisms
quantitative genetics
father of medicine
hippocrates
organisms’ environment can change the gemmules and will go to reproductive system then it will be passed to offspring
pangenesis theory of hippocrates and charles darwin
father of evolution
charles darwin
blood contains hereditary essence
aristotle
inheritance of acquired characteristics
jean baptiste lamarck
who proposed cell theory?
-matthias schleiden
-theodore schwann
-rudolf virchow
what is cell theory?
-all organisms are made up of cells
-cell is the basic unit of life
-cell comes from pre-existing cells
who contributed to the field of microbiology
luis pasteur
who disapproved the idea of spontaneous generation - living organism comes from non-living components
luis pasteur
he solidified the cell theory
luis pasteur
father of modern genetics
gregor mendel
what is gametes?
reproductive cell of animal and plants
what is mendelian inheritance?
offsprings are not mixed of blended
who proposed the theory of inheritance?
walter sutton
theodore boveri
genes residing on chromosomes are trasmitted through the gametes
theory of inheritance
aims to improve human existence
eugenics
2 types of eugenics
-positive
-negative
it allows families to reproduce
positive eugenics
it prevents families to reproduce
negative eugenics
medical genetic interventions used to reduce the impact of affective genotypes
euphenics
it does not have true nucleus
prokaryotic cell
found in some bacterial cells and protects and help the cell to adhere the surfaces
capsule
an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives shape
cell wall
a gel-like substance composed mainly of water
cytoplasm
regulates the flow of substances in and out
cell membrane
hair-like structure that attach to surfaces
pili or pilus
help bacteria to attach to surfaces
fimbriae
long, whip-like profusions that aid in cellular locomotion
fiagelia
responsible for protein production
ribosomes
gene-carrying, a circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction
plasmids
instead of nucleus, prokaryotic cells have ___
nucleiod region
it have a true nuclues
eukaryotic cells
house of the cells’ DNA and directs the synthesis of protein and ribosomes
nucleus
responsible for ATP production
mitochondria
modifies proteins and synthesize lipids
endoplasmic articulum
sorting the lipids and protein takes place
golgi apparatus
carry out oxidations reaction that break down fatty acids and amino acids and deoxify poisons
peroxisomes
function in storage and transports
vesicles and vacuoles
suicide sac
centrosome and lysosome
how many meters does the cell has?
3 meters
genetic material of all organisms
DNA
basic unit of the chromatids
nucleosome
carriers of genes
chromosomes
made up of very long DNA packaged with histones
chromosomes
how long does a DNA packaged have?
1400 nm width
site of constriction and where the kinetochore would attach to
centromere
site of spindle fiber attachment
kinetochore
at the tip of the chromosome arms which protect chromosome stability
telomeres
contain identical gene sites along their lengths
homologous chromosomes
cell increases in volume and organelles are reformed
g1
active synthesis of DNA and histones
s phase
active synthesis of RNA and proteins for chromosomes synthesis mitotic spindles are formed
g2
occurs in somatic or body cell
mitosis
means of replacing worn out tissues permits growth for asexual reproduction
mitosis
sister chromatids are pulled apart and directed toward opposite poles and create tow new cells
mitosis
two cells
diploid
begins with thickening and coiling of the chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleus, and a rounded structure inside the nucleus occurs
prophase
kinetochores appear, form of spindle and the nuclear membrane disintegrates
prometaphase
chromosomes line up along the midline of the cells
metaphase
chromatid pair separates and pulled to opposite end of the cell by the spindle fibers
anaphase
chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle fibers break down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli reforms
telophase
formation of cleavage furrow resulting of two dauther cells
cytokinesis
p53 in genes
tumor suppressor
cell death called
apoptosis
sex cells contains how many chromosomes?
23 pairs
produces gametes or spores that are characterized by only one haploid set of chromosomes
meiosis
separation of homologous chromosomes
meiosis 1
produces two haploid cells
meiosis
chromatin in nucleus appear with many bead-like structure
leptonema
pairing of homologous chromosomes begins and the paired chromosomes form a bivalent consisting of 4 chromatids
zygonema
crossing-over generates further genetic variation if the exchange is between non-sister chromatids
pachynema
point of crossing-over
chiasma
longitudinal separation of homologues in a bivalent starts from the centromere and proceeds towards both ends except at the chiasma
diplonema
bivalents align
metaphase 1
inivalents separates
anaphase 1
nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
telophase 1
separation of sister chromatids
meiosis II
exhibited by animals humans and lower plants
terminal or gametic meiosis
exhibited flowering plants
intermediary or sporic meiosis
exhibited by some algae, fungi, and diatoms
initial or zygotic meiosis
basic unit of inheritance
gene
a segment of DNA that specifies the structure of a protein of an RNA molecule
gene
alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait
alleles
indicates the genes of a particular individual the genetic make up of an organism
genotype
the physical characteristics of the individual morphology, physiology behavior
phenotype
hereditary factor that expresses itself even there is only one copy in the genotype
dominant allele
only expresses itself when two copies are present in the genotype
recessive allele
having identical alleles for a given trait
homozygous
having different alleles for a given trait
heterozygous
if the two alleles differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance and is called the dominant allele, the other has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance and it is called recessive allele
principle of dominance
a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited traits because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes
law of segregation
numbers of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation and randomly combine during fertilization
law of independent assortment
a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait)
monohybrid cross
only one gene controls a trait
allelic interactions
heterozygotes are identical phenotypically to homozygous dominants
complete dominance (3:1)
heterozygotes exhibit a superior phenotype compared to either homozygous parents
overdominance (1:2:1)
heterozygotes are phenotypically intermediate between the two homozygous parents
incomplete or partial dominance (1:2:1)
heterozygotes exhibit the mixture of the phenotypic characters of both homozygotes instead of a single intermediate expression
codominance (1:2:1)
death of the affected individual (homozygous dominant or heterozygous) occurs after reproduction has taken place
dominant lethal (0:1)
effects of recessive genes are sufficiently drastic to kill the bearers of certain genotypes
recessive lethal gene (1:2;3:0;1:0)
two genes are controlling a trait
non-allelic interaction
a complete dominance at both gene pairs but one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other
dominant epistatic (12:3:1)
complete dominance at both gene pairs. one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other, while the other gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the homozygous recessive state of the first gene (13:1)
dominant epistatic (12:3:1)
complete dominance at both gene pairs, but one gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic or masks the effect of the other gene
recessive epistatic (9:3:4)
complete dominance at both gene pairs, but either gene, when dominant is epistatic to the recessive of the other gene
duplicate genes (duplicate dominant epistatis (15:1)
complete dominance at both gene pair, but either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the effects of the dominant allele of the other
complementary genes (duplicate recessive epistatis (9:7)
complete dominance at both gene pairs. new phenotypes are produced from the interation between dominants, and both homozygous recessives
novel phenotype (9:3:3:1)
any one of a series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene, only two which can exist in any normal diploid individual
multiple alleles
external environment influences
-temperature
-light
-nutrition
internal environment influences
-age
-sex
-substrate
