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2ND YEAR, FIRST SEM > BSES 21 - GENETICS > Flashcards

BSES 21 - GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

sum of all characteristics and potentialities derived from one’s ancestors

A

hereditary

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2
Q

branch of biology that deals with hereditary and variation

A

genetics

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3
Q

individuals from same species, such as humans, still vary in some characteristics

A

variation

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4
Q

branches of genetics

A

-molecular genetics
-developmental genetics
-cytogenetics
-biochemical genetics
-behavioral genetics
-population genetics
-quantitative genetics

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5
Q

studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level

A

molecular genetics

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6
Q

the study of how genes controls the growth and development of an organism throughout its life cycle

A

developmental genetics

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7
Q

structure and function of the cell, especially chromosomes

A

cytogenetics

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8
Q

fundamental relationships between genes, protein, and metabolism. it involves heritable disease

A

biochemical genetics

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9
Q

examines the role of genetics in animal and human behavior

A

behavioral genetics

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10
Q

allele frequency distribution and change under the influences of the four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow

A

population genetics

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11
Q

continuously measured traits and their mechanisms

A

quantitative genetics

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12
Q

father of medicine

A

hippocrates

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13
Q

organisms’ environment can change the gemmules and will go to reproductive system then it will be passed to offspring

A

pangenesis theory of hippocrates and charles darwin

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14
Q

father of evolution

A

charles darwin

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15
Q

blood contains hereditary essence

A

aristotle

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16
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

jean baptiste lamarck

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17
Q

who proposed cell theory?

A

-matthias schleiden
-theodore schwann
-rudolf virchow

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18
Q

what is cell theory?

A

-all organisms are made up of cells
-cell is the basic unit of life
-cell comes from pre-existing cells

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19
Q

who contributed to the field of microbiology

A

luis pasteur

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20
Q

who disapproved the idea of spontaneous generation - living organism comes from non-living components

A

luis pasteur

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21
Q

he solidified the cell theory

A

luis pasteur

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22
Q

father of modern genetics

A

gregor mendel

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23
Q

what is gametes?

A

reproductive cell of animal and plants

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24
Q

what is mendelian inheritance?

A

offsprings are not mixed of blended

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25
Q

who proposed the theory of inheritance?

A

walter sutton
theodore boveri

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26
Q

genes residing on chromosomes are trasmitted through the gametes

A

theory of inheritance

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27
Q

aims to improve human existence

A

eugenics

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28
Q

2 types of eugenics

A

-positive
-negative

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29
Q

it allows families to reproduce

A

positive eugenics

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30
Q

it prevents families to reproduce

A

negative eugenics

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31
Q

medical genetic interventions used to reduce the impact of affective genotypes

A

euphenics

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32
Q

it does not have true nucleus

A

prokaryotic cell

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33
Q

found in some bacterial cells and protects and help the cell to adhere the surfaces

A

capsule

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34
Q

an outer covering that protects the bacterial cell and gives shape

A

cell wall

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35
Q

a gel-like substance composed mainly of water

A

cytoplasm

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36
Q

regulates the flow of substances in and out

A

cell membrane

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37
Q

hair-like structure that attach to surfaces

A

pili or pilus

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38
Q

help bacteria to attach to surfaces

A

fimbriae

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39
Q

long, whip-like profusions that aid in cellular locomotion

A

fiagelia

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40
Q

responsible for protein production

A

ribosomes

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41
Q

gene-carrying, a circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction

A

plasmids

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42
Q

instead of nucleus, prokaryotic cells have ___

A

nucleiod region

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43
Q

it have a true nuclues

A

eukaryotic cells

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44
Q

house of the cells’ DNA and directs the synthesis of protein and ribosomes

A

nucleus

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45
Q

responsible for ATP production

A

mitochondria

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46
Q

modifies proteins and synthesize lipids

A

endoplasmic articulum

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47
Q

sorting the lipids and protein takes place

A

golgi apparatus

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48
Q

carry out oxidations reaction that break down fatty acids and amino acids and deoxify poisons

A

peroxisomes

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49
Q

function in storage and transports

A

vesicles and vacuoles

50
Q

suicide sac

A

centrosome and lysosome

51
Q

how many meters does the cell has?

A

3 meters

52
Q

genetic material of all organisms

A

DNA

53
Q

basic unit of the chromatids

A

nucleosome

54
Q

carriers of genes

A

chromosomes

55
Q

made up of very long DNA packaged with histones

A

chromosomes

56
Q

how long does a DNA packaged have?

A

1400 nm width

57
Q

site of constriction and where the kinetochore would attach to

A

centromere

58
Q

site of spindle fiber attachment

A

kinetochore

59
Q

at the tip of the chromosome arms which protect chromosome stability

A

telomeres

60
Q

contain identical gene sites along their lengths

A

homologous chromosomes

61
Q

cell increases in volume and organelles are reformed

A

g1

62
Q

active synthesis of DNA and histones

A

s phase

63
Q

active synthesis of RNA and proteins for chromosomes synthesis mitotic spindles are formed

A

g2

64
Q

occurs in somatic or body cell

A

mitosis

65
Q

means of replacing worn out tissues permits growth for asexual reproduction

A

mitosis

66
Q

sister chromatids are pulled apart and directed toward opposite poles and create tow new cells

A

mitosis

67
Q

two cells

A

diploid

68
Q

begins with thickening and coiling of the chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleus, and a rounded structure inside the nucleus occurs

A

prophase

69
Q

kinetochores appear, form of spindle and the nuclear membrane disintegrates

A

prometaphase

70
Q

chromosomes line up along the midline of the cells

A

metaphase

71
Q

chromatid pair separates and pulled to opposite end of the cell by the spindle fibers

A

anaphase

72
Q

chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle fibers break down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli reforms

A

telophase

73
Q

formation of cleavage furrow resulting of two dauther cells

A

cytokinesis

74
Q

p53 in genes

A

tumor suppressor

75
Q

cell death called

A

apoptosis

76
Q

sex cells contains how many chromosomes?

A

23 pairs

77
Q

produces gametes or spores that are characterized by only one haploid set of chromosomes

A

meiosis

78
Q

separation of homologous chromosomes

A

meiosis 1

79
Q

produces two haploid cells

A

meiosis

80
Q

chromatin in nucleus appear with many bead-like structure

A

leptonema

81
Q

pairing of homologous chromosomes begins and the paired chromosomes form a bivalent consisting of 4 chromatids

A

zygonema

82
Q

crossing-over generates further genetic variation if the exchange is between non-sister chromatids

A

pachynema

83
Q

point of crossing-over

A

chiasma

84
Q

longitudinal separation of homologues in a bivalent starts from the centromere and proceeds towards both ends except at the chiasma

A

diplonema

85
Q

bivalents align

A

metaphase 1

86
Q

inivalents separates

A

anaphase 1

87
Q

nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear

A

telophase 1

88
Q

separation of sister chromatids

A

meiosis II

89
Q

exhibited by animals humans and lower plants

A

terminal or gametic meiosis

90
Q

exhibited flowering plants

A

intermediary or sporic meiosis

91
Q

exhibited by some algae, fungi, and diatoms

A

initial or zygotic meiosis

92
Q

basic unit of inheritance

A

gene

93
Q

a segment of DNA that specifies the structure of a protein of an RNA molecule

A

gene

94
Q

alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait

A

alleles

95
Q

indicates the genes of a particular individual the genetic make up of an organism

A

genotype

96
Q

the physical characteristics of the individual morphology, physiology behavior

A

phenotype

97
Q

hereditary factor that expresses itself even there is only one copy in the genotype

A

dominant allele

98
Q

only expresses itself when two copies are present in the genotype

A

recessive allele

99
Q

having identical alleles for a given trait

A

homozygous

100
Q

having different alleles for a given trait

A

heterozygous

101
Q

if the two alleles differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance and is called the dominant allele, the other has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance and it is called recessive allele

A

principle of dominance

102
Q

a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited traits because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes

A

law of segregation

103
Q

numbers of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation and randomly combine during fertilization

A

law of independent assortment

104
Q

a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait)

A

monohybrid cross

105
Q

only one gene controls a trait

A

allelic interactions

106
Q

heterozygotes are identical phenotypically to homozygous dominants

A

complete dominance (3:1)

107
Q

heterozygotes exhibit a superior phenotype compared to either homozygous parents

A

overdominance (1:2:1)

108
Q

heterozygotes are phenotypically intermediate between the two homozygous parents

A

incomplete or partial dominance (1:2:1)

109
Q

heterozygotes exhibit the mixture of the phenotypic characters of both homozygotes instead of a single intermediate expression

A

codominance (1:2:1)

110
Q

death of the affected individual (homozygous dominant or heterozygous) occurs after reproduction has taken place

A

dominant lethal (0:1)

111
Q

effects of recessive genes are sufficiently drastic to kill the bearers of certain genotypes

A

recessive lethal gene (1:2;3:0;1:0)

112
Q

two genes are controlling a trait

A

non-allelic interaction

113
Q

a complete dominance at both gene pairs but one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other

A

dominant epistatic (12:3:1)

114
Q

complete dominance at both gene pairs. one gene when dominant is epistatic to the other, while the other gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the homozygous recessive state of the first gene (13:1)

A

dominant epistatic (12:3:1)

115
Q

complete dominance at both gene pairs, but one gene, when homozygous recessive is epistatic or masks the effect of the other gene

A

recessive epistatic (9:3:4)

116
Q

complete dominance at both gene pairs, but either gene, when dominant is epistatic to the recessive of the other gene

A

duplicate genes (duplicate dominant epistatis (15:1)

117
Q

complete dominance at both gene pair, but either gene when homozygous recessive is epistatic to the effects of the dominant allele of the other

A

complementary genes (duplicate recessive epistatis (9:7)

118
Q

complete dominance at both gene pairs. new phenotypes are produced from the interation between dominants, and both homozygous recessives

A

novel phenotype (9:3:3:1)

119
Q

any one of a series of three or more alternative or allelic forms of a gene, only two which can exist in any normal diploid individual

A

multiple alleles

120
Q

external environment influences

A

-temperature
-light
-nutrition

121
Q

internal environment influences

A

-age
-sex
-substrate

2ND YEAR, FIRST SEM (7 decks)

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