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Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is DNA?

A 
Known as (deoxyribonucelic acid) 
Stores all genetic information
Determines characteristics
Instructs how to build every protein
Structure double helix (twisted ladder)
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2
Q

What are the 4 DNA bases?

A 
Adenine
Cytosine 
Guannine
Thymine
“Apple in Trees.” “Car in Garage”
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3
Q

Nucelotides?

A

DNA molecule
Sugar, phospahte & base
Opposite side is flipped upside down

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4
Q

Amino acids & protein?

A

Sequence of 3 bases=triplet
most triplet codes are for amino acids
Sequence of amino acids=proteins

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5
Q

Enzymes

A

= protein that act as catalysts within living cells. Catalysts increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur without being consumed or permanently altered themselves.
chemical reaction occurs multiple times

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6
Q

Antibodies

A

=Y-shaped proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop intruders from harming the body.

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7
Q

Hormone

A

=A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs
Cellular product

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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9
Q

What is an allele?

A

Analleleis one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have twoalleles, a dominantalleleand a recessiveallele. e.g 9( Aa / AA / aa)

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10
Q

Genotype?

A

Genetic makeup

What alleles you have

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11
Q

Phenotype?

A

The appearance 


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12
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity
DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones
22 autosomal 1 sex-linked (mitosis, meiosis)

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13
Q

Mitosis?

A

Body cells produce new cells
2 identical daughter cells
Have same n.o of chromosomes as parent cells

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14
Q

Diploid

A

(2n) = 46 chromosomes
Diploid= 2 sets of chromosomes each set given by father and mother
Body cells= somatic

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15
Q

Meiosis?

A 
Forms gametes, 4 offspring (non-Identical)
Egg & sperm=sex cells
N.o of chromosomes is halved
Haploid=23 (n)
2 successive cell divisions
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16
Q

Haploid

A

N.o of chromosomes is halved

Haploid=23 (n)

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17
Q

Cell Cycle?

A

DNA synthesis (interphase), Mitosis or Meiosis then Cytokinesis

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18
Q

Homozygous?

A

Pure breeding
Identical alleles for a single trait.
E.g (AA / aa)

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19
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Contains two different alleles of a gene
Hyrbrid
(one wild-type allele and one mutant allele)
E.g (Aa)

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20
Q

Gregor Mendel Contributions?

A

First person to predict how traits are transferred from one generation to the next.
Studied pea traits
Used pure breeding
Punnett Square

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21
Q

Recessive Traits?

A

The trait only shows if the individual has two copies of that allele.
E.g the allele for blue. eyes is recessive. You need two copies of the allele to have blue eyes.
(bb)

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22
Q

Dominant Traits?

A

The trait always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of it (one allele for it).
E.g Brown eyes is more dominant over blue (BB, Bb)

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23
Q

Automal?

A

44 autosomes in body cells

Matched into pairs from 1-22

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24
Q

Sex-linked inheritance?

A 
The other 2 chromosomes are sex chromosomes
Females posses XX
Can have disorder and also be carrier
Males posses XY
The Y doesn’t carry any genes 
Have the disorder or not
Y determines gender
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25
Co-dominance?
Shows the characteristics of both forms of the alleles at the same time E.g a brown and white cow have brown and white spotted offspring
26
Incomplete Dominance?
Shows the blending of characteristics of both forms of the alleles at the same time, rather than one allele being dominant over the other. E.g a black and white cow have grey offspring.
27
Multiple Alleles?
3 or more alleles exist for a particular characteristic E.g blood groups (A,B,O) A and B are co-dominant and O is recessive
28
Mutations?
Changes in the genetic material of cells.
29
Chromosome mutations=
Duplication or deletion of a whole or part of a chromosome.
30
Spontaneous mutations=
Happen by pure chance
31
Point Mutations=
Changes to small sections of the DNA sequence such as a base.
32
Induced Mutations=
Can be caused by over exposure to UV radiation or X-rays
33
Genetic Disorders=
Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anaemia and Cancer
34
Karyotypes?
Picture of chromosomes Cells are stained and mounted on slides Matched in pairs and arranged in size order
35
Species?
Group of similar individuals that c an breed to produce fertile offspring Not all organisms can produce fertile offspring
36
Adaptations?
Special feature that improves the organisms chance at survival in it environment Structural- Physical feature= camels long eyelashes keep out sand Behavioural- Behaviour of organism= penguins huddle in groups to keep warm Physiological- internal feature= loop of Henley in kangaroo rat
37
Evolution
Process of change in organisms over time due to environment and organisms in group’
38
Darwin Contribution to Evolution?
Idea of natural selection= Slowly the species changes over time Controversial with religion
39
Natural Selection
Animals or plants best suited to their environment are most likely to survive, reproduce, pass down characteristics which helped them survive to their offspring. E.g. treefrogs are sometimes eaten by snakes and birds
40
Lamarck Contribution to Evolution
Organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways and passed to offspring E.g if a giraffe is always straining to grab leaves eventually its neck will get longer and that long neck is then passed down to offspring
41
Evidence of evolution
Fossil record= shows changes over time Anatomical= Body structures sim./ diff Biogeography= where species is found (earth was all connected) Embryology=development (similar)
42
Tetonic plates
Earth is composed of mosaic thin plates Plates interact at boundaries creating Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, tsunami’s
43
Continental Drift?
``` Alfred Wegner (1915) Continental shape (matching coastlines) Similar geology Fossil evidence (animals, plants) Volcano and earthquake zone ```
44
Speciation?
Different environment pressures 1 population is subjected to something else and changes, when the full population joins again they become 2 different species Changes that can occur are= land clearing, change of a river course, uplift of mountains and sea levels rise
45
DNA hybridisation?

Used to compare DNA sequences to determine how closely related different species are
46
Mutations drive evolution?
An organism's DNA affects how it looks, how it behaves, and it’s physiology. So a change in an organism's DNA can cause changes in all aspects of its life.
47
Artificial Selection?
Breed an animal for the characteristics we want | E.g dogs
48
Divergent?
Gives rise to homologous structure Evolution towards different traits in closely related species due to a division of the population E.g Red fox
49
Convergent?
Evolution towards similar traits in unrelated species Adaptation weren’t inherited by ancestors E.g Shark, dolphin
50
Analogous Structures?
Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups.
51
Vestigial Structure
Were organs that performed some important function in the organism at one point in the past.
52
Adaptive Radiation
Many species evolve from 1 species | Ancestral
53
Co-Evolution?
Occurs when two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution. E.g interactions between flowering plants and insects 
54
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics are used to fight off a bacteria but are then stopped before bacteria dies, then the bacteria starts to become resistant to it.
55
What is a test cross
A test that helps determine an organisms genotype Dominant pheno type with recessives homozygous genotype
56
What’s a mutation
changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in variation. alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
57
Y linkage
Determines gender | Genes are carries in the Y chromosome
58
Difference fossils
molds and casts, petrification fossils, footprints and trackways
59
Absolute age of fossils
Absolute age is the numeric age of a layer of rocks or fossils. Absolute age can be determined by using radiometric dating.
60
Relative time fossils
Comparing layers of rock
61
Half life fossils
the amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotopes to decay.

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