Genetics (Chapter 5 minus transcription and translation) Flashcards
Who is considered the father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
He was a monk that studied pea plant inheritance.
What are chromosomes
Coiled up DNA
What are genotypes
The alleles present
What are phenotypes
physical appearance/trait expressed
What is a gene
A unique sequence of bases that codes for a unique protein
What are alleles
Slightly different sequence of bases gives different proteins
What does being heterozygous mean
The alleles are both dominant and recessive
EX: Pp
What does being homozygous mean
The alleles present are both the same as each other
EX: PP, or pp
What is a zygote
A zygote is created to sex gametes combine to form a new organism
What are homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same genes but may have different alleles
What are haploid cells
Cells with only set of chromosomes (Egg and sperm cells)
What are diploid cells
Cells with two sets of chromosomes (Most animal cells)
What is Meiosis used for
Sexual reproduction
What does meiosis produce
Meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells
How is prophase 1 different from mitosis prophase
Homolog chromosomes cross-over
How is metaphase 1 different from mitosis metaphase
Independent assortment happens
What is a dominant trait
Trait observed if at least one allele is present
What is a recessive trait
Trait hidden if dominant allele is present
What is Mendel’s first law
Law of segregation
What is Mendel’s second law
Law of independent assortment
What is Co-dominant
both traits are expressed
EX: blood types AA, BB, AB
What is incomplete dominance
Intermediate between the two alleles present
EX: Red and white flowers breeding to make pink flowers
What is polygenic inheritance
Many different genes affect a single phenotype
What is pleiotropy
Genes having more than a single effect on phenotypes
What is epistasis
Allele at one location can mask the expression of an allele to another location on the same trait
EX: A rat having two brown coated parents being albino, If the rat did not have albinism it would be brown but being albino masks the brown fur trait.
