Genetics Basic Principles Flashcards
What is the law of segregation?
When gametes are produced all alleles are kept separate to ensure that gametes only have 1 copy of a gene.
What is independent assortment?
The alleles for two different genes sort independently of each other, so if we were tracking to see what traits would be passed on for several generations, there would be sixteen possible allele combinations, leaving 4 phenotypic expressions and a ratio of 9:3:3:1 for offspring outcomes.
What is dependent assortment?
When alleles from two different genes are sorted together during gamete formation, the expected cross between two heterozygous individuals will be a monohybrid cross.
What is a dihybrid cross and what is it used for?
A dihybrid cross is a observation of 2 hereditary characters through several generations. It uses two identical heterozygotes to determine if a gene is independently sorted or not.
What are punnett squares?
They are a tool that you can use to figure out all possible genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of an offspring for certain characteristics or traits.
What is a testcross?
A tool that lets us assess whether or not a phenotypic expression is heterozygous or homozygous dominant, by breeding it with a homozygous recessive individual, when the genotype is unknown.
What is a pedigree?
It is a record of someone’s family tree and the phenotypes that have been expressed by throughout multiple generations.
What are the most important tools for solving probability in genetics?
And - Means multiply
Or - Means add
Use punnett square to predict ratios, probability, and other generationally based data.
