Genetics and Physiology Flashcards
Bursae
- fluid-filled sac-like structures that reduce friction in areas where skin, muscle, tendons, and ligaments may rub over bone.
- Bursae are not located within the joints between bones. They are located just outside of the bone-to-bone connection in joints.
- See image https://www.physio-pedia.com/Synovial_Joints
Synovial Membrane
- Membrane that lines the synovial cavity and secretes synovial fluid which reduces friction between bones in a joint
- The synovial cavity lies between bones in a joint.
Hyaline cartilage
- Articulating cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of the bone
Five major brain structures
- cerebrum - voluntary actions and thought
- thalamus - main area for sensory processing
- hypothalamus - regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, body temperature. The director of the endocrine system
- cerebellum - balance, posture, voluntary movements
- brainstem - integrates all incoming information, regulates involuntary movement e.g. breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing
Limbic system
- a group of interconnected brain structures that help regulate your emotions and behavior.
The four brain structures that make up the limbic system and their function
- Hypothalamus - produces hormones and regulates various parts of your body e.g. body temperature, fatigue, sexual arousal. The director of the endocrine system
- Thalamus - processes sensory information
- Amygdala - plays a role in how you experience emotions like feelings like fear, anxiety, anger and how you experience social interactions
- Hippocampus - ability to form new memories
Principle of Segregation
- Discovered by Gregor Mandel
- during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells), the two alleles (versions of a gene) for a particular trait separate, ensuring each gamete receives only one allele, which then randomly combines with another allele during fertilization.
Gamete
sex cells (sperm and egg)
Allele
Different form of a gene
Law of Independent Assortment
- Discovered by Gregor Mendel
- during gamete formation, the alleles of different genes assort independently of one another, meaning the inheritance of one trait doesn’t influence the inheritance of another.
What are the four bases in DNA and how do they pair?
- A:T, C:G
*adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
Explain how DNA replicates and who discovered it.
*DNA unzips
*Each strand connects with new matching bases
*This creates two next generation DNA with one strand being the parent and one strand being the child
*This is known as the semi-conservative model discovered by Meselson and Stahl who analyzed the density of multi-generations of DNA.
helicase
The enzyme responsible for the initial unwinding and separation of the double helix of DNA
The three enzymes responsible for DNA replication
Helicase
Ligase
DNA polymerase
How is DNA replication in eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?
*DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs in multiple replication bubbles along the DNA strand and replicates in both directions
*DNA replication in prokaryotes begins at a singular point in its circular DNA and replicates in both directions
One enzyme involved in proofreading and repairing DNA
- DNA polymerase
- there are hundreds of different DNA repairing enzymes
