Biochemistry and Cell Biology Flashcards
Prokaryotes
- the earliest form of simple, single-celled organisms
- No membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- the single, continuous strand of DNA (naked DNA) floats freely in the cytoplasm
- Both the Archaea and the Bacteria are prokaryotes.
- Use a flagellum or cilia
Eukaryotes
- DNA is in chromosomes, not “naked DNA” like prokaryotes
- complex cells with a defined nucleus
- Contain organelles
- Found in more complex life
motiity
The ability to move
Two primary components of the cell membrane
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
Actin filaments
the fundamental cytoskeletal molecules that regulate cell migration
Permeases
transport proteins in the cell membrane
Hydroplasm
The colorless, liquid part of cytoplasm
How are microtubules involved in flagella and cilia?
Microtubules extend through the plasma membrane of unicellular organisms to form the “backbone” of flagella and cilia.
Active transport
- Transport proteins actively pump sodium and potassium against the concentration gradient into and out of the cell.
*Movement against the transportation gradient is key
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Bulk transport processes that move material into and out of the cell respectively.
Phosphorylation
*the transfer of inorganic phosphate from one molecule (usually ATP) to another
*involves photons hitting pigments (P680) to cause an electron cascade that result in the transfer of phosphate to create ATP.
*Part of the overall process of photosynthesis
Glycolysis
The breaking down of the carbon bonds in glucose in the anaerobic environment of the cytoplasm.
Three domains of biology
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
Domain bacteria
Prokaryotes
Kingdom Eubacteria ie “eu” “true” bacteria
Things that make you sick
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotes
Kingdom archae
Live in extreme environments e.g. no sunlight, no oxygen, high pressure, very salty
Domain Eukarya
All Eukaryotes
Kingdom Protista - single cellular organism with nuclear cell membrane
Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Kingdom Fungi (mushrooms, molds, slime, yeast)
Kingdom animalia - insect, octopus, sea creatures, humans
Chemotrophs
prokaryotes that derive energy from inorganic materials.
“chemo” (meaning chemical) and “troph” (meaning nourishment), signifying organisms that feed on chemicals.
- Use redox reactions to create the ATP needed
Autotroph
Organism that gets its carbon from carbon dioxide e.g. plants
Heterotrophs
Organism that gets its carbon from eating organic molecules e.g. herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Phototrophs
Use the photons from sunlight to create the ATP needed
Homozygous alleles
Having two identical copies of a gene. This can be homozygous - dominant and homozygous - recessive
Heterozygous alleles
Having two different copies of a gene. Inheriting different versions of a gene from your parents.
Allele
Matching genes. One from biological mother and one from biological father
Nucleoid
The single chromosome of DNA found in Prokaryotes
Human chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone produced by the embryo during pregnancy.
What is the function of fermentation in the cells of vertebrates?
*Fermentation is anaerobic and consists of glycolysis, which breaks down glucose into pyruvate, followed by the reduction of pyruvate to alcohol or lactate.
*It occurs when the oxygen supply is limited
