Genetics And Evolution Vocabulary Flashcards
Geneticz
Scientific study of heredity
Gametes
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that carry half the genetic information.
Parental generation
The original pair of organisms crossed in a genetic experiment.
Hybrid
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Allele
Different versions of a gene.
Law of segregation
States that each organism has two alleles for each gene, and they separate during gamete formation.
Law of independent assortment
States that genes for different traits can separate independently during the formation of gametes.
Punnett square
chart used to predict genetic outcomes of a cross.
Complete dominance
relationship where one allele completely masks the effect of another.
Test cross
A cross between an individual with an unknown genotype and one that is homozygous recessive.
Multiple allele trait
A trait controlled by more than two alleles.
Codominance
A condition where both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype.
Gene linkage
Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
Bombay phenotype
A rare genetic trait that masks the expression of ABO blood group alleles.
Polyploidy
A condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
Pedigree chart
A diagram showing family relationships and inheritance of traits.
Genome
The complete set of genes or genetic material in an organism.
Cancer genome atlas
A project that maps genetic changes in different types of cancer.
Restriction enzymes
Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences.
Recombinant DNA
DNA formed by combining genes from different sources.
Phage introduction
Using viruses to insert genetic material into bacteria.
Transgenic
An organism that contains genes from another species.
Cloning
Making an exact genetic copy of an organism or cell.
Reproductive cloning
Creating a new organism genetically identical to the donor.
Totipotent
A cell that can develop into any type of cell in the body.
Forensics
The use of scientific methods to solve crimes.
DNA fingerprint
A unique pattern of DNA used to identify individuals.
Evolution
The change in the inherited traits of a population over generations.
Variation
Differences in traits among individuals of a species.
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.
Fitness
An organism’s ability to survive and produce offspring in its environment.
Species
– A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Gene pool
All the genes, including different alleles, in a population.
Reproductive isolation
When populations can no longer breed with each other.
Harvey weinberg principle
States that allele frequencies stay constant unless factors change them
Speciation
The formation of new species from a common ancestor.
Extinction
The permanent loss of all members of a species.
Coevolution
When two species evolve in response to each other.
Adaptive radiation
One species evolves into many different forms to fit various environments.
Convergent evolution
When unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments.
