Genetics and Diversity - Diversity

Question 1

What is a genetic bottleneck?

Answer 1

an event that causes a sudden reduction of a population

Question 2

What effects do genetic bottlenecks have on diversity?

Answer 2

decreases diversity as there are less allele combinations in the gene pool

Question 3

What is a polygene?

Answer 3

a characteristic that is affected by more than one gene

Question 4

What are the 2 types of selection?

Answer 4

directional selection

stabilising selection

Question 5

What is stabilising selection?

Answer 5

selection favours average individuals and preserves characteristics of the population

Question 6

What is directional selection?

Answer 6

selection that favours individuals that lie outside the mean

this changes the characteristics of the population

Question 7

What are the 3 types of adaptations that can be caused due to natural selection?

Answer 7

anatomical

physiological

behavioural

Question 8

What is an anatomical adaptation?

Answer 8

changes to the physical features of an organism

Question 9

What is a physiological adaptation?

Answer 9

metabolic changes in an organism

Question 10

What is a behavioural adaptation?

Answer 10

changes to the behaviour of an organism

Question 11

What is phylogeny?

Answer 11

the evolutionary relationship between organisms

Question 12

What are courtship behaviours?

Answer 12

behaviours that help attract mates

Question 13

What does courtship behaviours allow organisms to do?

Answer 13

recognise members of their own species

identify a mate that is capable of breeding

form a pair bond

synchronise mating

become able to breed

Question 14

What is a phylogenic classification?

Answer 14

arranging organisms into taxons based on their evolutionary origins and relationships

Question 15

What is a taxon?

Answer 15

a group within phylogenic classification

Question 16

What are the phylogenic classification taxons?

Answer 16

Domain

Kingdom

Phylus

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Question 17

How are names of organisms written using the binomial system?

Answer 17

genus name, then species name

species name has a capital letter

if species unknown, can be written as ‘sp’

written in italics or underlined

Question 18

What are the types of biodiversity?

Answer 18

species diversity

ecosystem diversity

genetic diversity

Question 19

What is species diversity?

Answer 19

the variety of species within a community

Question 20

What is ecosystem diversity?

Answer 20

the range of different habitats in a specified area

Question 21

What is genetic diversity?

Answer 21

variety of genes possessed by individuals within a species

Question 22

How is species diversity reduced?

Answer 22

new predators/pathogens/competition

intensive farming

Question 23

How can intensive farming reduce species diversity?

Answer 23

removal of woodland and hedges

use of pesticides

monocultures

overgrazing land

draining wetlands

absence of crop rotation

Question 24

How can intensive farming be improved to protect species diversity?

Answer 24

use hedges not fences and plant young trees

uses natural pesticides (eg nets around crops)

rotate animals and crops

Question 25

How can genetic diversity be compared?

Answer 25

compare:

observable characteristics

DNA base sequences

mRNA base sequences

amino acid sequences of proteins

Question 26

Why might a sample not be representative of the population?

Answer 26

sampling bias

chance

Question 27

What is sample bias?

Answer 27

when an investigator, either delibaretly or unconciously, doesn’t take a representative sample

Question 28

How can sampling bias be avoided?

Answer 28

by using a large sample size and data analysis

Question 29

What does a normal distribution show?

Answer 29

continuous variation