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Biology AS > Biological Molecules - DNA + RNA > Flashcards

Biological Molecules - DNA + RNA Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is DNA?

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is a double stranded polynucleotide that contains all the genetic information for a living organism. It is a hereditary molecule

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3
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate

Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

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6
Q

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Uracil

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7
Q

What bond links nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

What is RNA?

A

RiboNucleic Acid is a single stranded polynucleotide chain

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9
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

A

transfer -> tRNA

messenger -> mRNA

ribosomal -> rRNA

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10
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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11
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA held together?

A

By the complementary base pairs and hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What factors ensure that DNA is a very stable molecule?

A

The phosphodiester backbone is unreactive, protecting the reactive bases

The strands are bonded together by complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What are the complementary base pairs in DNA?

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

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14
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA?

A

It only has one strand to protect the reactive bases

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15
Q

How does complementary base pairing help DNA’s function?

A

It makes DNA and RNA sequences compatible, allowing RNA to transfer information from the DNA

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16
Q

What feature of DNA allows it to be separated easily during copying?

A

the strands are held together by relatively weak hydrogen bonds

17
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

18
Q

Why did people originally doubt that DNA was a hereditary molecule?

A

It is a simplistic molecule

19
Q

What is the main function of DNA?

A

To be replicated

20
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

Semi-conservatively: Each time it is copied, only half the information is made new

21
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

The strand ‘unzips’ and new nucleotides attach to each half of the strand, forming two new, identical strands

22
Q

Name the enzymes present in DNA replication and their funtions

A

Helicase -> unzips strands

Polymerase -> attaches new nucleotides

23
Q

Why do the polymerase enzymes run in opposite directions?

A

The active site of polymerase only bonds with the 3’ end of the strands.

For one strand, the polymerase works normally but for the other it works in sections but skipping backwards as it can only attach to the 3’ not the 5’

Biology AS (17 decks)

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