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Biology AS > Exchange and Mass Transport - Lungs > Flashcards

Exchange and Mass Transport - Lungs Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the trachea?

A

a flexible tube that allows air to flow into the lungs from the mouth/nose

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3
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A

flexible tube supported by rings of cartilage

the wall is made up of muscle and lined with epithelial and goblet cells

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4
Q

What is the function of cartilaginous rings in the trachea?

A

they allow the trachea to stay open when inhalation causes the air pressure to decrease

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5
Q

What are the functions of the epithelial and goblet cells in the trachea?

A

goblet cells produce mucus and epithelial cells waft the mucus up and out of the lungs

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6
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

the 2 divisions of the trachea that go into each lung

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7
Q

What are the structure of the bronchi?

A

same structure as the trachea

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8
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

heavily branched tubes that carries air to all parts of the lungs

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9
Q

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

A

walls are made of muscle

heavily branched

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10
Q

What is the function of the muscled walls in bronchioles?

A

the muscle allows the to regulate the flow of air into and out of the alveoli by contraction of the pipes

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11
Q

What are alveoli?

A

minute air sacs that allow for the gas exchange between air and blood

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12
Q

What is the structure of the alveoli?

A

100-300μm across

positioned at the end of the bronchioles

contains collagen and elastic fibres

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13
Q

What is the function of the collagen and elastic fibres in alveoli?

A

to help the alveoli stretch and compress to pull air in and out

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14
Q

What is the intercostal muscle?

A

the muscle between the ribs

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the of the intercostal muscle?

A

to allow the ribs to contract and expand

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16
Q

Why do mammals need lungs?

A
  1. they are larger animals and so need to increase SA:V
  2. increases efficiency of exchange
17
Q

Why are mammalian lungs inside the body?

A

air is not dense enough to support and hold open the delicate structures

the body would lose a lot of water and dry out

18
Q

What is inspiration?

A

the process of drawing air into the lungs

19
Q

When does inspiration occur?

A

when the air pressure is greater in the atmosphere than inside the lungs, causing air to be forced into the lungs

20
Q

What is expiration?

A

the process of forcing air out of the lungs

21
Q

When does expiration occur?

A

When the air pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmosphere, causing air to be forced out of the lungs

22
Q

Which 3 muscles allow for pressure changes in the lungs?

A

Diaphragm

Internal intercostal muscles

External intercostal muscles

23
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the abdomen

24
Q

Contraction of which intercostal muscle leads to expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles

25
Q

Contraction of which intercostal muscle leads to inspiration?

A

external intercostal muscles

26
Q

Describe the process of inspiration

A
  1. external intercostal muscles contract, internal relax
  2. ribs are pulled upwards and outwards, increasing volume of the thorax
  3. diaphragm contracts, flattening it, increasing volume of the thorax
  4. increased volume of thorax results in lower pressure in lungs
  5. atmospheric pressure now greater than pulmonary pressure, forcing air into the lungs
27
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A
  1. internal intercostal muscles contract, external relax
  2. ribs move downwards and inwards, decreasing volume of thorax
  3. diaphram relaxes and is pushed up by abdomen, decreasing volume of thorax
  4. decreased volume of thorax increases pressure in lungs
  5. as the pulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure, air is forced out of the lungs
28
Q

What is the thorax?

A

the area where the lungs are

29
Q

What are some key adaptations of the capillaries near the alveoli?

A

red blood cells are slowed as they pass through narrow capillary walls - increases time for diffusion

red blood cells are flattened against capillary wall reducing diffusion pathway

massive shared surface area with alveoli

flow of blood maintains concentration gradient for exchange

30
Q

Why is it useful for breathing movements to keep the lungs ventilated?

A

the concentration gradients O2 and CO2 between alveoli and capillaries are maintained

31
Q

What is the order of pleural membranes and spales on the lungs?

A

Pleural membrane

Pleural spale

Pleural membrane

Lung

Biology AS (17 decks)

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