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Biology AS > Exchange and Mass Transport - Cardiac System > Flashcards

Exchange and Mass Transport - Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

Atrial Systol

Ventricular Systol

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1
Q

What is diastole?

A

the stage of the cardiac cycle when all chambers are relaxed

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2
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

contraction of the atria

allows blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles

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3
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

the contraction of the ventricles

allows blood to flow from the ventricles into the aorta or pulmonary artery

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4
Q

What is the structure of the atria?

A

tissue is elastic to stretch as blood flows in

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5
Q

What is the structure of the ventricles?

A

thick muscular walls

left ventricle has thicker walls than right because it pumps blood to the rest of the body, not the lungs

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6
Q

Which organ carries deoxygenated blood into the heart?

A

vena cava

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7
Q

Which organ carries deoxygenated blood out of the heart?

A

pulmonary artery

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8
Q

Which organ carries oxygenated blood into the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

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9
Q

Which organ carries oxygenated blood out of the heart?

A

aorta

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10
Q

What are the semi-lunar valves?

A

Valves controlling the flow of blood into the pulmonary artery

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11
Q

What is the valve between the atrium and ventricle?

A

left/right atrioventricular valve

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12
Q

Which atrioventricular valve is bicuspic?

A

Left

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13
Q

What is a bicuspic valve?

A

a valve with two leaflets

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14
Q

Which atrioventricular valve is tricuspic?

A

right

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15
Q

What is a tricuspic valve?

A

a valve with 3 leaflets

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16
Q

Where are pocket valves located?

A

the veins to ensure that blood flows towards the heart, not away

17
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute

18
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

19
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped out per beat

20
Q

What are the units for cardiac output?

21
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smaller arteries that control blood flow to capillaries

22
Q

What are capillaries?

A

tiny blood vessels that link arterioles to veins

23
Q

What is the layered structure of arteries, arterioles and veins?

A

from outside to inwards:

tough outer layer

muscle layer

elastic layer

lining layer

lumen

24
Q

What are the differences between the structure of a vein and artery?

A

veins - larger lumen

arteries - thicker elastic layer

arteries - thicker muscle layer

25
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

consists of lining layer and lumen

highly branched

narrow lumen

spaces between lining cells

26
Q

How does having a thick muscle layer help arteries?

A

it means that smaller arteries can be constricted and dilated to control the volume of blood passing through them

27
Q

How does having a thick elastic layer help arteries?

A

the elastic wall is stretched at each systole and springs back at each diastole

this stretching and recoil action helps maintain high pressure and smooth pressure surges from the heart

28
Q

How does having thick walls help arteries?

A

prevents it bursting under pressure

29
Q

Why do arteries have no valves?

A

the blood is under constant pressure from the heart, so blood doesn’t flow backwards anyway

30
Q

What is the structure of an arteriole?

A

muscle layer thicker than arteries

elastic layer thinner than arteries

31
Q

How does having a thick muscle layer help arterioles?

A

allows lumen to become thinner

this restricts flow of blood and controls the movement of blood into capillaries

32
Q

Why is the elastic layer thinner in arterioles than arteries?

A

the blood pressure is lower

33
Q

Why is the muscle layer thin in veins?

A

as they carry blood away from tissues, they can’t control flow of blood with constriction so extra muscle not needed

34
Q

Why is the elastic layer thin in veins?

A

the low blood pressure won’t cause them to burst and pressure is too low to cause a recoil action

35
Q

Why are vein walls overall very thin?

A

there is no need for a thick wall due to low blood pressure

allows them to be flattened easily to aid with flow of blood

36
Q

Why are valves present in veins?

A

to ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards, which is a risk at this low pressure

37
Q

Why do capillary walls mostly consist of lining?

A

allows them to be extremely thin, increasing efficiency of diffusion

38
Q

Why are capillaries highly branched?

A

creates a large surface area for exchange

39
Q

Why is the lumen of capillaries narrow?

A

means that red blood cells are squeezed flat against the side of a capillary, bringing them closer to respiring tissue and increasing efficiency of diffusion

40
Q

What does tissue fluid supply tissues with?

A

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, dissolved ions, dissolved oxygen

Biology AS (17 decks)

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