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Biology AS > Cells - Immunity > Flashcards

Cells - Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of immune systems?

A

Specific

Non-specific

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2
Q

Define the non-specific immune response

A

The response that doesn’t take into account the pathogen

Barriers to infection

Phagocytosis

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3
Q

What are 3 non-specific barriers to infection?

A
  • > skin prevents pathogens entering the body
  • > hydrochloric acid in the stomach denatures enzymes / protein coat of most pathogens
  • > epithelial layers produce mucus that pathogens stick to and become immobolised
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4
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

When phagocytes engulf and break down pathogens

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5
Q

what is the process of phagocytosis?

A

phagocyte detects and moves towards chemicals released from pathogen along a conc gradient

receptors on phagocytes attach to chemicals on surface of pathogen

phagocyte engulfs pathogen into a vesicle

vesicle carries pathogen to phagosome + fuses, releasing pathogen

lysosomes fuse with pathogen and hydrolyse with lysozymes

products absorbed by phagocyte

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6
Q

Define an antigen

A

Any part of an organism (often proteins found on the surface of a cell) that is recognised as foreign by our immune system

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7
Q

What are T-Lymphocytes also known as?

A

T-Cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 forms of T-Cells?

A

helper T-Cells (TH Cells)

cytotoxic T-Cells (TC Cells)

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9
Q

which process are T-Cells involved in?

A

cell-mediated

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10
Q

Describe what happens to the antigens during phagocytosis

A

when pathogen is destroyed, phagocyte presents the antigen on their outer membrane for T-Cells to bond to

phagocyte is now known as an antigen-presenting cell

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11
Q

how are T-Cells activated?

A

by binding to antigens on antigen-presenting cells

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12
Q

What 4 processes are activated once a T-Cell has been activated?

A
  • activated T-Cells divide by mitosis to produce TH clones
  • it releases cytokines to activate the TC Cells
  • activation of B-Cells
  • simulation of phagocytosis
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13
Q

How does a T-Cell kill a pathogen?

A

The protein perforin is produced. This makes holes in the cell membrane of foreign cells, resulting in cell death

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14
Q

Describe the process of humoral immunity

A
  1. B-Cell with complimentary antibody engulfs protein
  2. B-Cell presents antigen, becoming an antigen-presenting cell
  3. T-Cell binds to presented antigen using receptor proteins
  4. T-Cell activates B-Cell to divide (mitosis) into plasma cells and memory cells
  5. Plasma Cell clones made to secrete antibodies (primary response)
  6. Antibodies attach to antigens and destroy the pathogen
  7. Memory cells circulate the blood for future infections (secondary response)
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15
Q

How does an antibody kill a pathogen and reduce the damage it does?

A
  • agglutinates the pathogens to the target
  • stops pathogens from invading body cells by marking it as foreign
  • binds to free toxic proteins
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16
Q

Describe the process of cell mediated immunity

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen
  2. Phagocyte presents antigen, becoming an antigen presenting cell
  3. Receptors on T-Cells bind to antigens, becoming activated
  4. T-Cells then activate B-Cells, stimulate phagocytosis, release cytokines to activate TC Cells, create TH clones
  5. TC Cells release the protein perforin to kill the pathogen
17
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A

Composed of 4 polypeptide chains:

2 heavy

2 light

Joined by disulphide bonds to form a Y shaped structure where the stem is the constant region and the ends of the arms are the variable regions

18
Q

Define a monoclonal antibody

A

Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B-Cells (plasma cells) which are specific to 1 type of antigen

19
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies identical in structure?

A

They have the same primary structure as they are coded for by the same genes

20
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced

A

the specific antigen binds to the receptor on the B-Cell

a TH-Cell sends a chemical signal to activate B-Cells to release specific antibodies

So by using the same plasma cells, identical antibodies will be produced

21
Q
A

Biology AS (17 decks)

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