Genetics Flashcards
Mitosis
A type of cell division l where the daughter cell gets the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis
Two stage cell division, in which the chromosome number of the parental cell (46) is reduced by half(23). meiosis is the process by which gametes are formed
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm
Chromatin
During interphase, the genetic material is called chromatin, its tangled Fibrous complex of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus
Sister chromatids
A chromosome, and its duplicate attached to one another by a central metre
Gametogenesis
The formation of gametes and animals
Synopsis
The pairing of homologous chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
Paired chromosomes that have similar shape, size and gene arrangement /information
Crossing over
The exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
Tetrad
A pair of homologous chromosomes with two chromatids
Gametes
Sex cells
Sperm and ovum
Haploid
The number of chromosomes in a gamete
Diploid
Twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete, every cell of the body with exception of sex cells, contains a diploid chromosome number
Ootid
An unfertilized ovum
Oocytes
Immature eggs
What are the stages of meiosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Why is it necessary to do two rounds of cell division in meiosis?
Two bones of cell division are necessary to reduce the number of chromosomes by half making sure that the resulting MAs have the correct number of chromosomes. The first one separates the homologous chromosomes and then the second the sister chromatids, and this is also needed for increase genetic diversity.
What are the stages of mitosis?
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Structure of DNA
Double stranded helix for eukaryotes
Circular for prokaryotes
Arranged in chromasomes
Super coiling, let’s be tightly packed in the nucleus
And the twist makes it fit
What is the center of the cell called ?
Equatorial plate
Alleles
Different types of genes that are dominant and recessive. Capital letter is always dominant and lower case latter is always recessive
Homozygous dominant
Would have 2 dominant allele
Heterozygous means what
Has a dominant and recessive allele. Not the same
Homozygous recessive
2 recessive alleles
Law of dominance
A capital letter means that’s it’s the dominant one and if the dominant trait is with the recessive one it’s always going to be the dominant trait that wins
Law of segregation
 When any person produces gametes the copies of a gene separate so that each gamete might receives only one copy
What is segregation
When the homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles
