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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Reproductive cells with only 1 chromosome from each pair

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2
Q

Diploid Cell

A

Body cells with pairs of chromosomes

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

One diploid cell divides and makes four haploid cells

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4
Q

Fertilization

A

The reproductive process where the sperm and egg combine to form a zygote cell

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5
Q

Zygote

A

The new diploid cell that is formed when a sperm haploid cell fertilizes an egg haploid cell

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6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

a type of reproduction where one parent organism produces identical offspring without meiosis or fertilization

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7
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

a type of reproduction in which genetic material from two parents where two cells combine to produce an offspring

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8
Q

Genetic Variation

A

When individuals of a species have unique genetic characteristics, allowing them to adapt and survive

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9
Q

Inherited Traits

A

Traits that are passed down genetically from parent to offspring (Ex. blue eyes)

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10
Q

Acquired Traits

A

Traits that cannot be passed genetically, learned over time (Ex. playing guitar)

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11
Q

Dominant

A

a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor

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12
Q

Recessive

A

a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor

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13
Q

Gene

A

a section of a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait

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14
Q

Alleles

A

the different forms of genes (Ex. Dominant Allele - brown eye color)

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

How a trait appears

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16
Q

Genotype

A

the two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait (Ex. GG, Gg, gg)

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17
Q

DNA

A

An organism’s genetic material

18
Q

Nucleotide

A

Molecule made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate group (strands of DNA)

19
Q

Replication

A

the process of copying DNA molecules

20
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid that contains instructions for making proteins

21
Q

DNA Mutation

A

a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene

22
Q

each child receives a _____ ___ from each parent.

A

haploid cell

23
Q

Meiosis produces

A

produces four haploid cells each with one of each chromosome pair

24
Q

Haploid cells are important because

A

they maintain the correct number of chromosomes in each offspring and maintain genetic variation

25
Q

what kind of cells are Zygote

A

diploid cells

26
Q

Asexual Reproduction Advantages, Disadcantages

A

Advantages: Rapidly reproduce, can overtake areas quickly, reproduce without a mate
Disadvantages: All offspring are identical, so there is no genetic variation

27
Q

Sexual Reproduction Advatages disadvantages

A

Advantages: Produces more genetic variation - mutations are corrected, diseases do not get passed down to all individuals, individuals are able to adapt over time which allows the species to survive Disadvantages: Takes time & energy to find a mate, Slower to reproduce, long pregnancy periods, can only reproduce one offspring at a time

28
Q

Why is genetic variation important for a species?

A

1._Genetic diseases and mutations are not passed down to all individuals

  1. With variations, individuals can adapt better to their environments
  2. Adaptations and genetic variation allows species to survive
29
Q

If 7 cells undergo meiosis, how many cells and what type are produced?

A

7 X 4 = 28 haploid cells

30
Q

how many cells are created when they undergo mitosis

A

2 diploud cells

31
Q

A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is..

A

Dominant and is represented by an Uppercase letter

32
Q

List two things that can affect an organism’s phenotype:

A
  1. Environmental Factors
  2. Individual choices
33
Q

what is a phenotype

A

itis the trait that you can see

34
Q

Which shape is DNA formed in?

A

Double Helix

35
Q

Which shape is RNA formed in?

A

Single Stranded

36
Q

When DNA is copied during cell division, what is the process called?

A

Replication

37
Q

What is RNA primarily responsible for?

A

Proteins

38
Q

List 2 ways genetic mutations can occur:

A
  1. X-rays, Radioactive materials, Ultraviolet light, various chemicals
  2. DNA replication
39
Q

what is the control

A

what remains constant throughout the experiment

40
Q

what is the Dependent:

A

the change that happened because of the independent

41
Q

what is the Independent:

A

The one variable you change

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