Genetics Flashcards
Haploid Cell
Reproductive cells with only 1 chromosome from each pair
Diploid Cell
Body cells with pairs of chromosomes
Meiosis
One diploid cell divides and makes four haploid cells
Fertilization
The reproductive process where the sperm and egg combine to form a zygote cell
Zygote
The new diploid cell that is formed when a sperm haploid cell fertilizes an egg haploid cell
Asexual Reproduction
a type of reproduction where one parent organism produces identical offspring without meiosis or fertilization
Sexual Reproduction
a type of reproduction in which genetic material from two parents where two cells combine to produce an offspring
Genetic Variation
When individuals of a species have unique genetic characteristics, allowing them to adapt and survive
Inherited Traits
Traits that are passed down genetically from parent to offspring (Ex. blue eyes)
Acquired Traits
Traits that cannot be passed genetically, learned over time (Ex. playing guitar)
Dominant
a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
Recessive
a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
Gene
a section of a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait
Alleles
the different forms of genes (Ex. Dominant Allele - brown eye color)
Phenotype
How a trait appears
Genotype
the two alleles that control the phenotype of a trait (Ex. GG, Gg, gg)
DNA
An organism’s genetic material
Nucleotide
Molecule made up of a nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate group (strands of DNA)
Replication
the process of copying DNA molecules
RNA
Nucleic acid that contains instructions for making proteins
DNA Mutation
a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
each child receives a _____ ___ from each parent.
haploid cell
Meiosis produces
produces four haploid cells each with one of each chromosome pair
Haploid cells are important because
they maintain the correct number of chromosomes in each offspring and maintain genetic variation
what kind of cells are Zygote
diploid cells
Asexual Reproduction Advantages, Disadcantages
Advantages: Rapidly reproduce, can overtake areas quickly, reproduce without a mate
Disadvantages: All offspring are identical, so there is no genetic variation
Sexual Reproduction Advatages disadvantages
Advantages: Produces more genetic variation - mutations are corrected, diseases do not get passed down to all individuals, individuals are able to adapt over time which allows the species to survive Disadvantages: Takes time & energy to find a mate, Slower to reproduce, long pregnancy periods, can only reproduce one offspring at a time
Why is genetic variation important for a species?
1._Genetic diseases and mutations are not passed down to all individuals
- With variations, individuals can adapt better to their environments
- Adaptations and genetic variation allows species to survive
If 7 cells undergo meiosis, how many cells and what type are produced?
7 X 4 = 28 haploid cells
how many cells are created when they undergo mitosis
2 diploud cells
A genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor is..
Dominant and is represented by an Uppercase letter
List two things that can affect an organism’s phenotype:
- Environmental Factors
- Individual choices
what is a phenotype
itis the trait that you can see
Which shape is DNA formed in?
Double Helix
Which shape is RNA formed in?
Single Stranded
When DNA is copied during cell division, what is the process called?
Replication
What is RNA primarily responsible for?
Proteins
List 2 ways genetic mutations can occur:
- X-rays, Radioactive materials, Ultraviolet light, various chemicals
- DNA replication
what is the control
what remains constant throughout the experiment
what is the Dependent:
the change that happened because of the independent
what is the Independent:
The one variable you change
