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honors biology s1 & s2 > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

define genetics

A

continuity

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2
Q

what does mitosis do

A

make diploid somatic cells

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3
Q

what does meiosis do

A

make haploid gametes

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4
Q

what is the human diploid number

A

46 or 23 pairs of chromosomes

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5
Q

what is the human haploid number

A

23 chromosomes

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6
Q

what don’t chromosomes not come in pairs of?

A

gametes or reproductive cells

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7
Q

mitosis and meiosis differences (3)

A

mitosis is a shorter process, makes diploid somatic cells, that are identical copies of DNA while meiosis is longer, makes haploid gametes, and crossing over results in new DNA combinations

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8
Q

who is mendel

A

father of genetics

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9
Q

describe what a true breeding plant is

A

a plant that always produces offspring with the same traits

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10
Q

outline how Mendel produced plants that had genes for both contrasting traits of a characteristic

A

First, he produced true breeding plants. He crossed pure plants for 2 contrasting traits. Then, the F1 generation began self-pollinating and reproducing.

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11
Q

define dominant

A

allele that is often expressed and will mask other alleles

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12
Q

define recessive

A

allele that is only expressed when present by itself

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13
Q

what are Mendel’s laws

A

Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment, and Law of Dominance

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14
Q

explain the Law of Segregation

A

pair of genes are separated during formation of gametes

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15
Q

explain the Law of Independent Assortment

A

pair of genes are separated independently of one another during formation of gametes

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16
Q

Law of Dominance

A

some “factors” dominate or cover up others

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17
Q

why are Mendel’s law’s called “laws” and not “theories”

A

his laws have exceptions

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18
Q

define genes

A

segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a hereditary trait

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19
Q

define allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

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20
Q

how did mendel’s F1 generation plants differ from his F2 generation plants?

A

F1 was a result of cross-pollination and F2 was a result of self-pollination.

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21
Q

what is a genome?

A

a map of our genes

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22
Q

how many different genotype

A

6 different genotypes

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23
Q

how many different phenotypes

A

4 types(A,AB,B,O)

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24
Q

how many alleles

A

3 (IA, IB, i)

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25
Q

how many genes

A

1

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26
Q

what are the 7 characteristics Mendel observed

A

seed shape, pod shape, flower color, seed color, pod color, and stem length

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27
Q

what are parents called

A

p generation

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28
Q

what is offspring called and what is offspring’s offspring called

A

f1 generation and f2 generation

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29
Q

define homozygous

A

two same alleles

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30
Q

define homozygous dominant

A

two dominant alleles

31
Q

define homozygous recessive

A

two recessive alleles

32
Q

define heterozygous

A

two different alleles

33
Q

define phenotype

A

shown characteristics

34
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup

35
Q

define replication

A

exact duplicate copies of the entire DNA sequence

36
Q

where and when does replication occur

A

in the nucleus during interphase

37
Q

define transcription

A

mRNA copies part of the DNA sequence

38
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus/cytosol

39
Q

define translation

A

mRNA code is translated into amino acid code

40
Q

where does translation occur

A

in cytoplasm/ribosome

41
Q

define codon

A

group of 3 nucleotides that code for 1 of the 20 different amino acids

42
Q

what is the start codon in mRNA

A

AUG (methionine)

43
Q

what are the stop codons

A

UGA, UAA, and UAG

44
Q

what is the genetic flow

A

DNA -> mRNA transcription-> mature mRNA -> translation-> mRNA

45
Q

define mutations

A

changes in structure/amount of DNA

46
Q

what are the human bloods

A

red and white

47
Q

what is Huntington’s disease and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

deterioration of brain tissue in middle-age, autosomal dominant

48
Q

what is cystic fibrosis and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

mucus clogs lungs and pancreas, autosomal recessive

49
Q

what is sickle cell anemia and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

organ damage due to impaired blood flow, autosomal recessive

50
Q

what is Tay-Sachs disease and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

deterioration of the central nervous system, autosomal recessive

51
Q

what is phenylketonuria and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

infant’s brain fails to develop normally, autosomal recessive

52
Q

what is marfan syndrome and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

long limbs, loose joints, deformed vertebral column, crowded teeth, rupture of large arteries; autosomal dominant

53
Q

what is breast cancer and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

malignant tumors in breast tissue, autosomal dominant

54
Q

what is hemophilia and what is the pattern of inheritance?

A

excessive bleeding due to blood clotting, X-linked recessive

55
Q

what is genetic code

A

how a sequence of nucleotides corresponds to an amino acid

56
Q

describe mRNA function and structure

A

carries genetic info from nucleus to cytosol, single chain

57
Q

describe tRNA function and structure

A

carries specific amino acid, “T” shaped

58
Q

describe rRNA function and structure

A

help form ribosome, globe shaped

59
Q

how many different phenotypes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?

A

4 (A, AB, B, O)

60
Q

how many different alleles are there for the human ABO blood type factor?

A

3 (A, B, O)

61
Q

how many different genes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?

A

1

62
Q

how many different genotypes are there for the human ABO blood type factor?

A

6 (IAi, IA IA, IA IB, IBi, IB IB, ii)

63
Q

define amniocentesis

A

amniotic fluid around the fetus (physicians do this around 14-16 weeks)

64
Q

what is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes

A

chromatin is spread out during interphase and chromosomes are coiled up

65
Q

define complex character

A

characters that are strongly influenced by the environment and by genes

66
Q

example of autosomal dominant

A

Breast cancer, Huntington’s disease, Marfan Disease

67
Q

example of autosomal recessive

A

PKU, cystic fibrosis

68
Q

example of co-dominance/ incomplete dominance

A
69
Q

example of polygenetic traits

A

skin color

70
Q

example of sex-linked

A

hemophilia

71
Q

example of complex characteristics

A

skin color, intelligence

72
Q

example of multiple alleles

A
73
Q
A

honors biology s1 & s2 (15 decks)

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