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genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Do sex cells (gametes) have 46 chromosomes?

A

No, they only have 23 chromosomes

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2
Q

What makes sex cells genetically unique?

A

Crossing over and random assortment allows sex cells to be genetically unique because pieces of chromosomes are switched between homologous chromosomes and there is a different arrangement of chromosomes each time meiosis occurs

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3
Q

What type of cells are body cells?

A

Diploids (2N) because they have two copies of every chromosome (one from the mother and one from the father)

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4
Q

What type of cells are sex cells?

A

Haploid (N) because they only have one copy of every chromosome

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5
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce sex cells or gametes which have half the number of chromosomes and are genetically unique

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6
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alleles are a variation of genes and we inherit one allele from each parent for every trait.

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is made up of compacted units of DNA, and found in the nucleus

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8
Q

What is a karyotype? What can a karyotype be helpful in?

A

A karyotype is an image of all the chromosomes in a cell. They can be helpful in determining genetic disorders or abnormalities as they can reveal missing or extra chromosomes

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9
Q

What may go wrong in meiosis and what does this lead to?

A

Errors in meiosis can alter the number of chromosomes in a gamete. This can lead to genetic disorders, trisomy conditions, or sex chromosome disorders.

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10
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is a collection of genes found in DNA

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11
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical characteristics of an organism

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12
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes are portions of DNA, located on the chromosomes, code for specific traits

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13
Q

How do gene mutations occur?

A

changes in the sequence of bases on the DNA

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14
Q

What are the types of errors in meiosis?

A

Inversion - a section of chromosome is inverted
Deletion - a section of chromosome is deleted
Duplication - a section of chromosome is repeated two or more times in a row
Translocation - a section of chromosome becomes attached to another chromosome
Nondisjunction - when the pairs of chromosomes do not separate in anaphase (I or II)

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15
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

(caused by nondisjunction) having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell

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16
Q

MONOSOMY

A

Sex cell missing one chromosome

17
Q

POLYSOMY

A

More chromosomes than required

18
Q

POLYPLOIDY

A

A cell with more than two complete sets of chromosomes. (Nondisjunction of all of the chromosomes in a gamete that unites with a haploid gamete to produce 3 sets of chromosomes )

19
Q

What is the role of meiosis in explaining the difference in traits between a child and their parents?

A

Each gamete contains a different set of DNA due to crossing over and random assortment which allows sex cells to be genetically unique because pieces of chromosomes are switched between homologous chromosomes and there is a different arrangement of chromosomes each time meiosis occurs. If each gamete is unique, parents will never have identical traits to their offspring.

20
Q

How might a researcher determine if a mutation has occurred in a gene?

A

If the karyotype has shown an extra chromosomes or less chromosomes than needed, that is how they will be able to determine a genetic mutation.

21
Q

What can errors in meiosis lead to?

A

Having extra chromosome copies can result in a number of genetic disorders and trisomy conditions such as down syndrome or Edward’s syndrome

22
Q

Why does meiosis occur twice?

A

Because gametes are haploids, only half the chromosomes from each parent are needed

23
Q

What is the role of growth and development in mitosis?

A

Mitosis regenerates and replaces worn-out and damaged tissues which are very important in living organisms. If you have a cut in your skin, mitosis allows for existing skin cells to be multiplied to allow for repair. Mitosis helps organisms to grow in size.

24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process when a (body) cell divides into two identical daughter cells

biology (5 decks)

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