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biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells

A

the structural and functional units of all living organisms

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2
Q

Organelle

A

a specialized subunit of a cell that has a specific function

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

provides structure and support, controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

substance where the organelles float around

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

holds the DNA

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes

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7
Q

Vacuoles/vesicles

A

storage for food, water

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy formation and produces ATP

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

break down food molecules and cell wastes, cleaning up the cell

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages, modifies, transports materials to different locations in/out of the cell

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough because of ribosomes, helps make proteins

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes fats or lipids

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

structure, support, very rigid

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

convert energy in sunlight into glucose to give off oxygen (photosynthesis)

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

a long chain of DNA forms that chromosomes (within the nucleus)

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17
Q

Tube

A

Holds objective lenses and ocular lens at the proper distance

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18
Q

Nose piece

A

Hold objective lenses and can be turned to increase magnification

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19
Q

Objective lens

A

Gathers light, magnifies, and focuses image (increases magnification)

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20
Q

Stage clips

A

2 clips that hold slide/specimen

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21
Q

Diaphragm (mircoscope)

A

Controls amount of light on slide/specimen

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22
Q

Light source

A

Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, specimen, lenses

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23
Q

Ocular lens

A

Magnifies image (where you look through)

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24
Q

Arm

A

Holds body tube, nose piece, and objective lenses

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25
Q

Stage

A

Supports the slide

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26
Q

Coarse adjustment

A

Moves stage up and down

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27
Q

Fine adjustment

A

Moves the stage slightly to sharpen image

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28
Q

Base

A

Supports microscope

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29
Q

Interphase

A

90% of the cell cycle
preparation for cell division by growing
replication of DNA (chromosomes)

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30
Q

Prophase

A

chromatin condenses to become chromosomes
centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
nuclear envelope breaks down
spindle fibers develop
chromosomes connected by centromere to the spindle fibers

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31
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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32
Q

Anaphase

A

chromatids separate and chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides by spindle fibers

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33
Q

Telophase/Cytokinesis

A

mitotic spindle breaks down
two new nuclei form
chromosomes become chromatin again
cell divides

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34
Q

Chromatin (def and what phase)

A

is a long chain of DNA (interphase)

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35
Q

Chromosomes (def & what phase)

A

made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes, there are 23 in each cell (prophase-telophase)

36
Q

Sister chromatids

A

are the branches of the same chromosome (prophase-telophase)

37
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

growth (growing older), repair (cuts, broken bones), reproduction.

38
Q

Do all cells divide?

A

yes all cells divide

39
Q

Stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can make any kind of cell

40
Q

Regeneration

A

the process of replacing/restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, body parts to full function in plants and animals

41
Q

Cell specialization

A

the process where in “general” or “common” cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions.

42
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

are found in embryos and are able to undergo differentiation and exist only at the earliest stages of development

43
Q

Adult stem cells

A

have limited ability to create a variety of cell types and appear during fetal development and remain in our bodies throughout life

44
Q

Why is meristematic tissue important in plants?

A

it is the primary site of cell division, it is the source of all new cells

45
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells from the same origin that performs a specific function

46
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

(animal) covers, lines, supports, protects, ex. epidermis(skin), sweat, saliva

47
Q

Connective tissue

A

(animal) connects, binds, protects, stores fats, fills empty space ex. bone, blood

48
Q

Muscle tissue

A

(animal) moves things, contracts, ex. skeletal, cardiac (heartbeat)

49
Q

Nervous tissue

A

(animal) senses things, send + receive signals, ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves

50
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

(plant) outer layer for protection

51
Q

Vascular tissue

A

(plant) transports water, nutrients and sugars

52
Q

Ground tissue

A

(plant) for support and photosynthesis

53
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

(plant) capable of dividing, responsible for growing new parts of the plant

54
Q

Organ

A

an organized group of tissues that performs a specific function

55
Q

Root function

A

anchor plant, absorb H2O, store food

56
Q

Leaf function

A

photosynthesis to make sugar

57
Q

Stem function

A

support leaves and flowers and transport of water, nutrients and sugars

58
Q

Flower function

A

reproduction

59
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs that together perform a certain function in an organism’s body.

60
Q

Heart

A

4 chamber muscular pump, pulmonary circulation (CO2 to lungs) systemic circulation (O2 throughout the body)

61
Q

Blood

A

a type of connective tissue made up of 4 parts, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

62
Q

Blood vessels

A

make up a network of tubes that carry blood through the body. ex. arteries, veins, capillaries.

63
Q

Diaphragm when you inhale and exhale

A

As you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downwards

As you exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards

64
Q

Mouth

A

saliva softens food as you chew, 3 pairs of salivary glands

65
Q

Esophagus

A

muscular tube that links the mouth to the stomach

66
Q

Peristalsis

A

muscular contractions that move food down your esophagus

67
Q

Stomach

A

organ that uses muscles and acids to churn the food

68
Q

Small intestine

A

absorbs nutrients to diffuse them into the bloodstream

69
Q

Large intestine

A

absorbs water

70
Q

Liver

A

creates bile

71
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile

72
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes enzymes to break down food and neutralize stomach acid

73
Q

Anus/rectum

A

collects and removes solid waste

74
Q

Nose & mouth

A
  • warms, moistens, and filter air as it’s inhaled
75
Q

Phyarnx

A

passageway for air leads to trachea

76
Q

Larynx

A

voice box, where vocal cords are

77
Q

Epiglottis

A

blocks windpipe when swallowing

78
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe, lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air

79
Q

Bronchi

A

two branches at the end of the trachea, leading into each lung

80
Q

Bronchioles

A

smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue and air sacs

81
Q

Alveoli

A

one cell thick respiratory units, allows gas exchange

82
Q

Capillaries

A

one cell thick, allows gas and nutrient exchange

83
Q

Diaphragm

A

contracts and moves down as you inhale, relaxes and moves up when you exhale

84
Q

Heart

A

4 chambers, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation

85
Q

Lungs (in circulatory system)

A

oxygenate blood

86
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3 lobes

87
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2 lobes

biology (5 decks)

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