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biology Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

the structural and functional units of all living organisms

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2
Q

Organelle

A

a specialized subunit of a cell that has a specific function

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

provides structure and support, controls what goes in and out of the cell

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

substance where the organelles float around

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

holds the DNA

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6
Q

Nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, produces ribosomes

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7
Q

Vacuoles/vesicles

A

storage for food, water

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy formation and produces ATP

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

break down food molecules and cell wastes, cleaning up the cell

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages, modifies, transports materials to different locations in/out of the cell

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough because of ribosomes, helps make proteins

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes fats or lipids

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

make proteins

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

structure, support, very rigid

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A

convert energy in sunlight into glucose to give off oxygen (photosynthesis)

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

a long chain of DNA forms that chromosomes (within the nucleus)

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17
Q

Tube

A

Holds objective lenses and ocular lens at the proper distance

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18
Q

Nose piece

A

Hold objective lenses and can be turned to increase magnification

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19
Q

Objective lens

A

Gathers light, magnifies, and focuses image (increases magnification)

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20
Q

Stage clips

A

2 clips that hold slide/specimen

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21
Q

Diaphragm (mircoscope)

A

Controls amount of light on slide/specimen

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22
Q

Light source

A

Projects light upwards through the diaphragm, specimen, lenses

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23
Q

Ocular lens

A

Magnifies image (where you look through)

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24
Q

Arm

A

Holds body tube, nose piece, and objective lenses

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25
Stage
Supports the slide
26
Coarse adjustment
Moves stage up and down
27
Fine adjustment
Moves the stage slightly to sharpen image
28
Base
Supports microscope
29
Interphase
90% of the cell cycle preparation for cell division by growing replication of DNA (chromosomes)
30
Prophase
chromatin condenses to become chromosomes centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell nuclear envelope breaks down spindle fibers develop chromosomes connected by centromere to the spindle fibers
31
Metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
32
Anaphase
chromatids separate and chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides by spindle fibers
33
Telophase/Cytokinesis
mitotic spindle breaks down two new nuclei form chromosomes become chromatin again cell divides
34
Chromatin (def and what phase)
is a long chain of DNA (interphase)
35
Chromosomes (def & what phase)
made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes, there are 23 in each cell (prophase-telophase)
36
Sister chromatids
are the branches of the same chromosome (prophase-telophase)
37
Why do cells divide?
growth (growing older), repair (cuts, broken bones), reproduction.
38
Do all cells divide?
yes all cells divide
39
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can make any kind of cell
40
Regeneration
the process of replacing/restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, body parts to full function in plants and animals
41
Cell specialization
the process where in “general” or “common” cells evolve to form specific cells that have specific functions.
42
Embryonic stem cells
are found in embryos and are able to undergo differentiation and exist only at the earliest stages of development
43
Adult stem cells
have limited ability to create a variety of cell types and appear during fetal development and remain in our bodies throughout life
44
Why is meristematic tissue important in plants?
it is the primary site of cell division, it is the source of all new cells
45
Tissue
a group of similar cells from the same origin that performs a specific function
46
Epithelial tissue
(animal) covers, lines, supports, protects, ex. epidermis(skin), sweat, saliva
47
Connective tissue
(animal) connects, binds, protects, stores fats, fills empty space ex. bone, blood
48
Muscle tissue
(animal) moves things, contracts, ex. skeletal, cardiac (heartbeat)
49
Nervous tissue
(animal) senses things, send + receive signals, ex. brain, spinal cord, nerves
50
Epidermal tissue
(plant) outer layer for protection
51
Vascular tissue
(plant) transports water, nutrients and sugars
52
Ground tissue
(plant) for support and photosynthesis
53
Meristematic tissue
(plant) capable of dividing, responsible for growing new parts of the plant
54
Organ
an organized group of tissues that performs a specific function
55
Root function
anchor plant, absorb H2O, store food
56
Leaf function
photosynthesis to make sugar
57
Stem function
support leaves and flowers and transport of water, nutrients and sugars
58
Flower function
reproduction
59
Organ system
a group of organs that together perform a certain function in an organism’s body.
60
Heart
4 chamber muscular pump, pulmonary circulation (CO2 to lungs) systemic circulation (O2 throughout the body)
61
Blood
a type of connective tissue made up of 4 parts, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
62
Blood vessels
make up a network of tubes that carry blood through the body. ex. arteries, veins, capillaries.
63
Diaphragm when you inhale and exhale
As you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downwards | As you exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards
64
Mouth
saliva softens food as you chew, 3 pairs of salivary glands
65
Esophagus
muscular tube that links the mouth to the stomach
66
Peristalsis
muscular contractions that move food down your esophagus
67
Stomach
organ that uses muscles and acids to churn the food
68
Small intestine
absorbs nutrients to diffuse them into the bloodstream
69
Large intestine
absorbs water
70
Liver
creates bile
71
Gallbladder
stores bile
72
Pancreas
secretes enzymes to break down food and neutralize stomach acid
73
Anus/rectum
collects and removes solid waste
74
Nose & mouth
- warms, moistens, and filter air as it’s inhaled
75
Phyarnx
passageway for air leads to trachea
76
Larynx
voice box, where vocal cords are
77
Epiglottis
blocks windpipe when swallowing
78
Trachea
windpipe, lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air
79
Bronchi
two branches at the end of the trachea, leading into each lung
80
Bronchioles
smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue and air sacs
81
Alveoli
one cell thick respiratory units, allows gas exchange
82
Capillaries
one cell thick, allows gas and nutrient exchange
83
Diaphragm
contracts and moves down as you inhale, relaxes and moves up when you exhale
84
Heart
4 chambers, pulmonary circulation, and systemic circulation
85
Lungs (in circulatory system)
oxygenate blood
86
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3 lobes
87
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2 lobes

biology (5 decks)

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