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genetic processes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA replication

A

Both mitosis and meiosis involve replication of DNA before the division begins. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic

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2
Q

Cell Division

A

Both processes result in formation of new cells, contributing to growth, repair and maintenance of organisms.

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are present in both mitosis and meiosis.

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4
Q

Purpose

A

Mitosis, is primarily for growth, repair and maintenance of somatic cells. That resulted in two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is sexual reproduction cells. The end result is four non - identical daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

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5
Q

Occurrence

A

Mitosis: Occurs in somatic cells throughout an organism’s life
Meiosis: Occurs in germ cells (Sperm and egg cells) during the formation of gamates for sexual reproduction.

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6
Q

Prophase

A

chromosome replication, nuclear membrane dissolves

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up along middle of cell by spindle fibres

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibres pull daughter chromosomes to opposite ends of cells

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9
Q

Telophase

A

cytokinesis creates 2 identical daughter cells

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10
Q

Crossing over

A

It occurs in meiosis Prophase I, in order to exchange genetic information between homologous pairs to induce variation in the genetics of daughter cells.

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11
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s genotype is their unique sequence of DNA. The two forms a person has inherited from their mother and father, for a particular gene. (ex. HH or Hh, or hh )

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable expressions of this genotype. (Ex. Hh, they have the recessive trait for hair but with the dominant uppercase H, they have hair showing) (hh is recessive and have no hair)

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13
Q

Gene

A

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of trait and is passed on to the offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence.

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14
Q

Allele

A

The alternate forms of a gene

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15
Q

Dominant

A

The form of a trait that will always appear (be expressed) when an individual has an allele for it. If one dominant allele is present, then dominant trait will be expressed Ex:
Rr or RR = round pea.

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16
Q

Recessive

A

The form of a trait that will only appear (be expressed) if the individual has 2 alleles for it. Ex: rr = wrinkled pea

17
Q

Trait

A

Specific Characteristics of an individual

18
Q

Diploid

A

refers to twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete (2N). Every cell of the body is diploid except sex cells. In humans the diploid number of chromosomes is 46

19
Q

Haploid

A

refers to the number of chromosomes in a gamete . Referred to as N. In humans the haploid number of chromosomes it is 23

20
Q

Homozygous

A

describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles that are the same, ex. RR or rr
RR = homozygous dominant
rr = homozygous recessive

21
Q

Heterozygous

A

describes the genotype of an individual with two alleles that are different,
Ex. Rr the phenotypic expression (observed trait) is always the dominant allele.

22
Q

Codominance

A

both allele are present (black and white makes black and white spots)

23
Q

Incomplete

A

intermediate allele is expressed in heterozygous situation (black and white makes grey) (The colours “Mix”)

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

paired chromosomes similar in size, shape , gene arrangement and gene formation

25
Q

A (AA,AO)

A

Can receive from: A,O
Can donate to: A,AB

26
Q

B (BB,BO)

A

Can receive from: B,O
Can donate to: B,AB

27
Q

AB (AB)

A

Can receive from: All (universal recipient)
Can donate to: AB

28
Q

O (OO)

A

Can receive from: O
Can donate to: All (universal donor)

29
Q

Non - disjunction

A

the failure of homologus chromosomes pairs or sister chromatids to separate during Anaphase I or II of meiosis.

30
Q

Monosomy

A

The loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction
- Most common in chromosome 21, 13, 18

31
Q

Trisomy

A

The gain of an extra chromosome as a result of non-disjunction

32
Q

Klinefelter - XXY

A

Boys are grown with an extra X chromosome. Sexual Immaturity, inability to produce sperm, breast swelling

33
Q

Turner - XO (1 X chromosme only)

A

Short Stature, Webbed neck, Sexually underdeveloped

34
Q

Downs (Trisomy 21 - Gains an extra chromosome)

A

Intellectual disabilities, abnormal patterns of palm creases, almond - shaped eyes, flattened face, short stature

bio exam (6 decks)

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