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bio exam > animals: structure and function > Flashcards

animals: structure and function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mouth

A

Mechanical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion

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2
Q

pH (of mouth)

A

6-7 (neutral)

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3
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva

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4
Q

Saliva

A

Lubricates food, stimulates taste buds, contains salivary amylase to digest carbs

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5
Q

Epiglottis

A

Lid that covers your trachea when you’re swallowing

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6
Q

Esophagus

A

Connects mouth to stomach
Structure: Hollow tube lined with involuntary smooth muscles and mucosa
Peristalsis: Wave- like involuntary muscle movements to push food down

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7
Q

Stomach

A

Mechanical digestion because of churning and chemical digestion by HCL assisted by enzymes

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8
Q

pH (of stomach)

A

1-3

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9
Q

Sphincters

A

Drawstring - like valves at the beginning and end of the stomach (cardiac and pyloric)

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10
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Esophagus to stomach

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11
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Stomach to small intestine

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12
Q

Gastric Juices

A

Pepsin: Digests Protein
HCl: Breaksdown fibrous tissues in food, kills bacteria, activates pepsingen into pepsin
Mucus: Protects stomach lining from being digested

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13
Q

Small intestine

A

Final digestion and absorption

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14
Q

pH (of small intestine)

A

8

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15
Q

Villi

A

Small, finger-like projections along the walls of the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

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16
Q

Mircrovilli

A

Further increase Surface area

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17
Q

Large intestine

A

Water absorption, removal of undigested waste
Asending, transverse, descending

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18
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Liver, gallbladder, bile duct, pancreas, pancreatic duct

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19
Q

Liver

A

Detoxifies harmful substances, products bile, converts glucose to glycogen and stores it in the gallbladder

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20
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

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21
Q

Bile Duct

A

When fat is present in the Small Intestine, cholecystokinin causes gallbladder to release bile to the Small intestine, which then breaks down the fat present

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

produces insulin, secretes pancreatic fluid
Structure: Spongy, tucked under between stomach and Small intestine

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23
Q

Pancreatic Duct

A

Secretes pancreatic fluid into the small intestine

24
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Short term energy
Starts in the mouth by the salivary amylase. Ends in the small intestine by carbohydrates and pancreatic amylase into monosaccharides.

25
Q

Lipids

A

Long term energy, insulation
Starts in the small intestine emulsified by bile and digested by pancreatic lipase into glycerol and fatty acids

26
Q

Proteins

A

Structues and support, muscle movement
Starts in the stomach by pepsin. Ends in the Small intestine by protease (trypsin, chymotrypsin) and peptidase into amino acids

27
Q

Heart

A

Double Pumping organ, made of cardiac muscle tissue

28
Q

Septum

A

Muscle Seperating the left and right pump

29
Q

Pericardium

A

Fluid filled membrane protecting the heart

30
Q

Atria

A

Thin-walled “receiving” chambers

31
Q

Ventricles

A

Thick walled,”Pumping” chambers

32
Q

Vena Cava

A

Carries de-oxygenated blood from head and lower body to right atrium

33
Q

Aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

34
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Carries de-oxygenated blood away from lung to heart

35
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

36
Q

Coronary artery

A

Supply blood to the heart

37
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Atria to ventricle. Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria
- Tricuspid: Right atrium to right ventricle
- Bicuspid: Left atrium to left ventricle

38
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Ventricle to artery. Prevents backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles.
- Pulmonary: Right ventricle to pulmonary artery.
- Aortic: left ventricle to aorta.

39
Q

Blood vessels

A

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. ‘Blood supply’
- Thick walls for high-pressure. High elastic to allow the artery to expand when blood surges.
- Arterioles: Small arteries
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood to heart. ‘Collect blood’
- Thin walls for low-pressure. One -way valves to prevent backflow of blood.
- Venules: Small veins
Capillaries:Connects artieries and veins
- One cell thick
- Site of fluid and gas exchange

40
Q

Circuits

A

Pulmonary circuit: Right side of the heart. Deoxygenated blood came from the body and pumped to the lungs to pick up O2.

Systemic Circuit: Left side of the heart. Oxygenated blood came from the lungs and pumped the body to provide O2.

41
Q

Blood flow

A
  • Vena cava to the right atrium to the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pick up O2.
  • Lungs to pulmonary veins to left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta to body.
42
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood 55%
- 90% water, 10% materials

43
Q

Red blood cells (erythrocytes):

A

Transport O2 and CO2, 44% of blood

44
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes):

A

Destroy invaders by phagocytosis, form antibodies, 1% of blood.

45
Q

Atrioventricular node:

A

Located at the base of the interatrial septum.
- Transmits signals to the bundle of His, relaying to purkinjie fibres and initiates ventricular contraction.

46
Q

The heartbeat

A

Parts of the heartbeat:
- Systole: Ventricle contraction
- Diastole: Ventricle Relaxation

47
Q

Heart sounds

A
  • Lubb: AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) close
  • Dubb: Semilunar valves pulmonary and aortic) close
48
Q

Heart beat

A

BPM

49
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Graph made by tracing from an ECG
- P wave: SA node fires artia contraction
- QRS complex: AV node stimulates ventricular contraction
- R: AV valves close (lubb)
- T wave: Ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close (dubb)

50
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slower than normal heart rate

51
Q

Tachycardia

A

Faster than a normal heart rate

52
Q

Blood Pressure

A

the force that blood exerts on blood vessel walls

53
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood pumped from each ventricle/ min.
- A high BP occurs when the heart pumps more blood with each contraction (Stroke volume) or beats more frequently, causing a greater force on vessel walls.

54
Q

Arteriolar resistance

A

Blood encounters resistance when they contact vessel walls. A greater resistance can be caused by vessel diameter and length and blood viscosity. When you have a greater resistance, this makes it harder for blood to flow, therefore blood has to increase pressure in order to flow.

55
Q

Vessel elasticity

A

Blood vessels expand and recoil in order to absorb the shock of systolic pressure. Hardened ateries (atherosclerosis or atherosclerosis) do not expand. This narrows your vessels, causing blod pressure to increase in order to flow.

56
Q

Blood volume

A

An increase in blood volume leads to a greater amount of blood pumped by the heart, resulting in increaed stroke volume and cardiac output, raising BP.

bio exam (6 decks)

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