Genetic Markers

Question 1

FAAH
enzyme
fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)

Answer 1

higher use of THC leads to decreased concentrations of FAAH in individual
FAAH breaks down a cannabinoid called anandamide that is naturally found in the brain and is most closely related to THC, helping to remove it from circulation

Question 2

COMT
Catechol-o-methyltransferase

Answer 2

can make schizophrenia or aggression more likely (especially in THC) because it codes for enzyme degradation of DA, NE, EPI

Question 3

OPRM

Answer 3

related to OUD vulnerability (and also AUD, cocaine, and nicotine)
OPRM1 gene encodes the mu opioid receptor, which is a protein that plays a role in regulating pain, reward, and addictive behaviors

subtype OPRM1 A118G polymorphism may be a biomarker for vulnerability to certain conditions and variations in responses to treatments. Studies suggest that people with the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism respond well to naltrexone treatment

Question 4

PER1

Answer 4

sleep wake cycle gene
some possible implication in vulnerability to cocaine and alcohol

Question 5

VNTR

Answer 5

VNTR allele in SLC6A3 implicated in COCAINE DEPENDENCE

Question 6

DRD2

Answer 6

dopamine receptor with wide implications in SUD VULNERABILITY but mainly with STIMULANT USE DISORDER

Question 7

CAMK4

Answer 7

single nucleotide polymorphism in the CAMK4 promoter was significantly associated with COCAINE DEPENDENCE

Question 8

SLC6A4

Answer 8

associated with DEPRESSION and ANXIETY

Question 9

ALDH1B

Answer 9

associated with accelerate rate of ethanol to acetaldehyde which may be protective against AUD

Question 10

explain the known example of PROTECTIVE mechanism in enzyme rate changes for individuals who are UNLIKELY to develop AUD

Answer 10

fast (ALDH1b)/normal ADH action to convert EtOH to acetaldehyde
AND/OR
slow ALDH (ALDH2) action to convert acetaldehyde to acetate
=
leads to protection as the more time EtOH is in acetaldehye form, the more there is an associated unpleasant feeling since acetaldehyde has unpleasant effects on the body

Question 11

Which gene can help to predict the efficacy of methadone as treatment for OUD?

Answer 11

Mu opioid receptor gene

Question 12

Which gene can help to predict the efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline as treatment for nicotine dependence?

Answer 12

serotonin transporter gene

Question 13

Which gene can help to predict the efficacy of disulfiram as treatment for Cocaine UD?

Answer 13

dopamine beta-hydroxylase

Question 14

CNR1

Answer 14

associated with increased risk of THC DEPENDENCE

Question 15

GABRA2

Answer 15

associated with increased risk of ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

Question 16

CHRNA5, CHRNA3, CHRNB4

Answer 16

associated with increased risk of NICOTINE DEPENDENCE

Question 17

CYP2A6

Answer 17

higher metabolic rate = associated with increased risk of NICOTINE DEPENDENCE
lower metabolic rate = associated with increased SUCCESS for NICOTINE CESSATION

Question 18

Changes in CYP450 & CYP2D6 can lead to what experience for a patient?

Answer 18

associated with increased risk of OPIOID DEPENDENCE via mechanism of less analgesia effect, more drug available, but for shorter interval

Question 19

Drugs that inhibit CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 have what effect with cannabis?
give some drug examples.

Answer 19

Drugs that inhibit CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 will increased the effects of cannabis

Most widely known examples are fluoxetine and ketoconazole

Question 20

ALDH2 deficiency

Answer 20

leaves more EtOH in form of acetaldehyde, which leads to poor effect (flushing, nausea, etc) more common in East Asian populations

Question 21

5-HHTLPR

Answer 21

corticosteroid mediated allele on serotonin gene with link to development of SUD