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Psych 371 Lifespan Human Development > Genes, Environment And Development > Flashcards

Genes, Environment And Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Species heredity

A

Genetic endowment members of species having common

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2
Q

Darwin’s arguments

A

Species has genetic variation

Some genes aid survival more than others

Change that help individuals… Adapt to their environment… Will be passed on to future generations… More frequently than jeans that do not

Natural selection

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3
Q

Evolution

A

Interaction between genes and environment

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4
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Application of evolutionary theory to understand human thinking/behavior

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5
Q

Sperm cell and ovum

A

Each contribute 23 chromosomes to the zygote 46 total chromosomes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like bodies and nucleus of each cell, which contains genes

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7
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosomes

Male: X&Y chromosomes
Female: X&X chromosomes

Father determines child gender

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell divides to produce reproductive cells with half of the bodies chromosomes

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9
Q

Crossing over the genetic code

A

Occurs during meiosis

Pairs of chromosomes lineup before they separate, they cross each other, and parts are exchanged

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10
Q

Identical twins

A

One fertilize ovum divides to form two genetically identical individuals

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11
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Two ova release at approximately same time, each is fertilized by a different sperm

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12
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell divides to produce two identical cells, each containing the same 46 chromosomes

Zygote become multiple cell organisms through mitosis

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up a person inherit

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

Appearance characteristic/trait that a person has

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15
Q

Gene expression

A

Activation of particular genes

In particular body cells

At particular times

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16
Q

Single gene pair inheritance

A

Characteristic influence by only one pair of genes; one from mother one from father

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17
Q

Dominant gene

A

Will be expressed when present: paired with either recessive or dominant gene

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18
Q

Recessive gene

A

Will be expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene

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19
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Dominant gene incompletely dominates recessive partner gene

Results in blend of two traits

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20
Q

Codominance

A

Two genes influence a trait such that each is expressed

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21
Q

Sex linked characteristics

A

Influenced by single genes located on one of the sex chromosomes

22
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Influenced by multiple pairs of genes

Often interacting with multiple environmental factors

23
Q

Mutations

A

Change in structure or arrangement of one or more genes

Produces new phenotype

24
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

Zygote receives too many to few or abnormal chromosomes

Most caused by errors during meiosis (faulty chromosome division)

Main cause of pregnancy loss

25
Q

Examples of too many chromosomes

A

Down syndrome: three # 21 chromosomes

Kleinfelter syndrome: XXY(male phenotype), male with one or more extra X chromosomes

Supermale: XYY (male phenotype)

Triple X: XXX (female phenotype)

26
Q

Hemophilia

A

Deficiency in blood ability to clot; more common in males than females

Genetic mechanism: sex, linked inheritance, gene on x chromosome

27
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Deterioration of the nervous system in middle age, associated with dementia, jerky movements, personality changes

Genetic mechanism: dominant gene

28
Q

Phenyl-ketonuria PKU

A

Lack of enzyme needed to metabolize, phenylalanine in milk and other foods result in acid that attacks the nervous system and causes intellectual disability

Genetic mechanism: recessive gene pair

29
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Blood cells are sickle shaped, stick together, make breathing hard, and cause painful swelling of joints and blood clots; common in African-Americans

Genetic mechanism: recessive gene pair; carriers were protected from malaria

30
Q

Ways to detect abnormalities prenatally

A

Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
Maternal blood sampling
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

31
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people are responsible for differences

32
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

Scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people are responsible for differences

33
Q

Heritability

A

Proportion of all the variability in a trait within a large sample of people that can be linked to genetic differences among those individuals

34
Q

Twin studies

A

Determine whether identical twins reared together are more similar to each other than fraternal twins reared together

35
Q

Estimating influences: contributions of three factors to individual differences

A

Genes

Shared environmental experiences

Non-shared environmental experiences

36
Q

Molecular genetics

A

An analysis of particular genes and their effects

Involves identification of specific variants of genes that influence particular traits

Helps identify the multiple genes that contribute to polygenic traits

37
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Genes contribute substantially

Average concordance for identical twins is 48%

Environment plays a role

38
Q

Gene environment correlations

A

Ways that a persons genes and the environment are systematically interrelated

Passive, evocative, active

39
Q

Molecular genetics

A

The identification and analysis of particular genes and their effects

40
Q

Temperament

A

Tendencies to respond in predictable ways, such as sociability and emotional reactivity

41
Q

Diathesis stress model

A

When a combination of high-risk genes and high-risk environment or stressful experiences, triggers a psychological disorder

42
Q

Differential susceptibility hypothesis

A

Some peoples jeans, make them more reactive than other people to environmental influences

43
Q

Orchids

A

Those of us who are highly susceptible to both good and bad environmental influences

44
Q

Dandelions

A

Less environmentally sensitive individuals

45
Q

Passive gene environment correlations

A

The jeans they pass on to their children at conception

46
Q

Evocative gene environment correlations

A

A child’s genotype also evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people

47
Q

Active gene environment correlations

A

Children’s genotypes influence, the kind of environments they seek can create

48
Q

Genetically informed studies

A

Correlational studies that show a relationship between some aspect of experience and some aspect of development 

49
Q

Epigenetic effects

A

Way in which environmental factors influence, the expression of particular genes and particular cells of the body

50
Q

DNA methylation

A

Can be caused by maternal stress during pregnancy. DNA methylation alters the stress response system of the fetus and predisposes the child to difficulties handling stress

51
Q

Gene therapy

A

Techniques for altering an individuals genetic make up

Psych 371 Lifespan Human Development (6 decks)

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