Chapter 4 body, brain, and health

Question 1

Celiac disease

Answer 1

An inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers and immune response that leads to inflammation and damages the small intestine

Celiac disease can damage the villi of the small intestine leading to malnutrition

Question 2

Catch up growth

Answer 2

After a period of malnutrition or illness, reflects the body struggle to get back on the growth course it is genetically programmed to follow

Question 3

Endocrine glands

Answer 3

Secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 4

Pituitary gland

Answer 4

Controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain, triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands

Question 5

Growth hormone

Answer 5

Produced by the pituitary gland, it triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth

Question 6

Pineal gland

Answer 6

Produces melatonin, which helps us fall asleep

Question 7

Parathyroid glands

Answer 7

Four small glands behind the thyroid that influence bone growth

Question 8

Adrenal glands

Answer 8

Produces adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, our flight or fight hormone

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

Connects the endocrine system to the nervous system

Question 10

Thyroid gland

Answer 10

Produces thyroid hormone which controls metabolism

Question 11

Thymus gland

Answer 11

Produces white blood cells that help fight infections

Question 12

Pancreas

Answer 12

Makes insulin and glucagon to maintain balance of sugar in bloodstream and cells

Question 13

Ovaries

Answer 13

Make estrogen and progesterone to regulate menstrual cycle and maintain a pregnancy

Question 14

Testes

Answer 14

Make testosterone which is involved in sperm production

Question 15

Androgens

Answer 15

Testosterone and other male hormones

Question 16

Estrogen

Answer 16

The primary female hormone at puberty stimulates the production of growth hormone, and is responsible for the development of breasts, pubic hair and female sex organs for the control of menstrual cycles throughout a woman’s reproductive years

Question 17

Progesterone

Answer 17

Called the pregnancy hormone, it orchestrates bodily changes that allow conception and then support a pregnancy

Question 18

Neuron 

Answer 18

Contain three main parts of the dendrites which receive messages the cell body; and the axon, which sends messages across the synapse to other neurons

Question 19

Myelination

Answer 19

Incases neurons and speeds transmission; begins prenatally, but continues for many years after birth

Question 20

Cephalocaudal principal

Answer 20

Which means growth occurs in a head to tail direction

Question 21

Proximodistal principle

Answer 21

When the chest and internal organs form before the arms hands and fingers during the prenatal period

Question 22

Orthogenetic principle

Answer 22

Development proceeds from general and undifferentiated and moves towards more complex differentiation and heirarchical integration

Question 23

Biopsychosociocultural model

Answer 23

Incorporates biological and psychological factors with social and cultural factors

Question 24

Fontanelles

Answer 24

Space between the bones of an infant skull; soft cartilage like tissue which gradually ossifies

Question 25

Reflex

Answer 25

Unlearned and involuntary response to stimulus

Question 26

Reflex

Answer 26

Unlearned and involuntary response to stimulus

Question 27

6 Infantile behavioral states

Answer 27

Deep sleep, active sleep, quiet alert, active alert, drowsy, crying

Question 28

Congenital malformations

Answer 28

Defects that are present at birth either from genetic factors or prenatal events

Question 29

Brain lateralization

Answer 29

Asymmetry and specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 30

Left hemisphere

Answer 30

Controls writing a movement of the right side of the body the left hemisphere is usually dominant in language and tasks involving symbolic reasoning

Question 31

Right hemisphere

Answer 31

Controls touch and movement of the left side of the body and is typically superior at nonverbal, visual and spatial tasks

Question 32

Puberty

Answer 32

The process of biological change that result in attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a baby

Question 33

Adolescent growth spurt

Answer 33

Triggered by an increase of the level of growth hormones circulating through the body during adolescence

Question 34

Adrenarche

Answer 34

Circulation of adrenal hormones, contributes, partly to such secondary sex characteristics as pubic and axillary hair

Question 35

Menarche

Answer 35

The first menstruation

Question 36

Semenarche

Answer 36

A boys first ejaculation

Question 37

Secular trend

Answer 37

The historical trend to earlier maturation and greater body size

Question 38

Centenarians

Answer 38

People who live to be 100 or older

Question 39

Metabolic syndrome

Answer 39

MeTS - a combination of risk factors typically associated with obesity includes high blood pressure, unhealthy, cholesterol levels and diabetes

Question 40

Environmental factors contributing to the obesity epidemic

Answer 40

In active lifestyles, portion sizes, fat, content, sugar, stress, poverty

Question 41

Neurogenesis

Answer 41

The process of generating new neurons

Question 42

Hippocampus

Answer 42

A part of the brain involved in learning and memory

Question 43

Prostate gland

Answer 43

Part of the male reproductive system, which creates prostate fluid that mixes with sperm to produce semen

Question 44

Premenstrual syndrome, PMS

Answer 44

Symptoms such as bloating, moodiness, breast, tenderness, and headaches during the days just before menstruation

Question 45

Premenstrual syndrome, PMS

Answer 45

Symptoms such as bloating, moodiness, breast, tenderness, and headaches during the days just before menstruation

Question 46

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder PDD

Answer 46

Includes affective and disabling symptoms, in addition to physical symptoms associated with menstrual cycle

Question 47

Menopause

Answer 47

Culminates in the ending of menstrual cycles

Question 48

Hot flashes

Answer 48

Sudden unexpected experiences of warmth and sweating

Question 49

Hormone replacement therapy HRT

Answer 49

Taking estrogen and progestin to relieve physical symptoms of menopause

Question 50

Andropause

Answer 50

Age associated hypogonadism – characterized by slowly discrete, decreasing levels of testosterone and a variety of symptoms, including low libido, fatigue, and lack of energy, erection problems, memory, pop, problems, and loss of pubic hair

Question 51

Erectile dysfunction

Answer 51

Inability to achieve or sustain an erection it for intercourse

Question 52

Osteoarthritis

Answer 52

A common joint problem that results from gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions of bones from rubbing against one another

Question 53

Health disparity

Answer 53

Exist when there is a difference in health status or health outcomes that is associated with social, economic, and or environmental disadvantage

Question 54

Culturally competent care

Answer 54

Care that is a tuned to a patient’s diversity and the cultural factors that might affect health and healthcare