Chapter 4 body, brain, and health Flashcards
Celiac disease
An inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers and immune response that leads to inflammation and damages the small intestine
Celiac disease can damage the villi of the small intestine leading to malnutrition
Catch up growth
After a period of malnutrition or illness, reflects the body struggle to get back on the growth course it is genetically programmed to follow
Endocrine glands
Secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
Pituitary gland
Controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain, triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands
Growth hormone
Produced by the pituitary gland, it triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin, which helps us fall asleep
Parathyroid glands
Four small glands behind the thyroid that influence bone growth
Adrenal glands
Produces adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, our flight or fight hormone
Hypothalamus
Connects the endocrine system to the nervous system
Thyroid gland
Produces thyroid hormone which controls metabolism
Thymus gland
Produces white blood cells that help fight infections
Pancreas
Makes insulin and glucagon to maintain balance of sugar in bloodstream and cells
Ovaries
Make estrogen and progesterone to regulate menstrual cycle and maintain a pregnancy
Testes
Make testosterone which is involved in sperm production
Androgens
Testosterone and other male hormones
Estrogen
The primary female hormone at puberty stimulates the production of growth hormone, and is responsible for the development of breasts, pubic hair and female sex organs for the control of menstrual cycles throughout a woman’s reproductive years
Progesterone
Called the pregnancy hormone, it orchestrates bodily changes that allow conception and then support a pregnancy
Neuron 
Contain three main parts of the dendrites which receive messages the cell body; and the axon, which sends messages across the synapse to other neurons
Myelination
Incases neurons and speeds transmission; begins prenatally, but continues for many years after birth
Cephalocaudal principal
Which means growth occurs in a head to tail direction
Proximodistal principle
When the chest and internal organs form before the arms hands and fingers during the prenatal period
Orthogenetic principle
Development proceeds from general and undifferentiated and moves towards more complex differentiation and heirarchical integration
Biopsychosociocultural model
Incorporates biological and psychological factors with social and cultural factors
Fontanelles
Space between the bones of an infant skull; soft cartilage like tissue which gradually ossifies
Reflex
Unlearned and involuntary response to stimulus
Reflex
Unlearned and involuntary response to stimulus
6 Infantile behavioral states
Deep sleep, active sleep, quiet alert, active alert, drowsy, crying
Congenital malformations
Defects that are present at birth either from genetic factors or prenatal events
Brain lateralization
Asymmetry and specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Left hemisphere
Controls writing a movement of the right side of the body the left hemisphere is usually dominant in language and tasks involving symbolic reasoning
Right hemisphere
Controls touch and movement of the left side of the body and is typically superior at nonverbal, visual and spatial tasks
Puberty
The process of biological change that result in attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a baby
Adolescent growth spurt
Triggered by an increase of the level of growth hormones circulating through the body during adolescence
Adrenarche
Circulation of adrenal hormones, contributes, partly to such secondary sex characteristics as pubic and axillary hair
Menarche
The first menstruation
Semenarche
A boys first ejaculation
Secular trend
The historical trend to earlier maturation and greater body size
Centenarians
People who live to be 100 or older
Metabolic syndrome
MeTS - a combination of risk factors typically associated with obesity includes high blood pressure, unhealthy, cholesterol levels and diabetes
Environmental factors contributing to the obesity epidemic
In active lifestyles, portion sizes, fat, content, sugar, stress, poverty
Neurogenesis
The process of generating new neurons
Hippocampus
A part of the brain involved in learning and memory
Prostate gland
Part of the male reproductive system, which creates prostate fluid that mixes with sperm to produce semen
Premenstrual syndrome, PMS
Symptoms such as bloating, moodiness, breast, tenderness, and headaches during the days just before menstruation
Premenstrual syndrome, PMS
Symptoms such as bloating, moodiness, breast, tenderness, and headaches during the days just before menstruation
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder PDD
Includes affective and disabling symptoms, in addition to physical symptoms associated with menstrual cycle
Menopause
Culminates in the ending of menstrual cycles
Hot flashes
Sudden unexpected experiences of warmth and sweating
Hormone replacement therapy HRT
Taking estrogen and progestin to relieve physical symptoms of menopause
Andropause
Age associated hypogonadism – characterized by slowly discrete, decreasing levels of testosterone and a variety of symptoms, including low libido, fatigue, and lack of energy, erection problems, memory, pop, problems, and loss of pubic hair
Erectile dysfunction
Inability to achieve or sustain an erection it for intercourse
Osteoarthritis
A common joint problem that results from gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions of bones from rubbing against one another
Health disparity
Exist when there is a difference in health status or health outcomes that is associated with social, economic, and or environmental disadvantage
Culturally competent care
Care that is a tuned to a patient’s diversity and the cultural factors that might affect health and healthcare
