Chapter 7 Memory And Learning

Question 1

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia

Question 2

Information processing approach

Answer 2

Emphasizes the basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision-making

Question 3

Sensory register

Answer 3

Very briefly holds the abundant information – sites, sounds, smells, and more

Question 4

Short-term memory

Answer 4

Holds a limited amount of information, perhaps only four chunks, for a short period of time

Question 5

Long-term memory

Answer 5

A relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information

Question 6

Encoding information

Answer 6

Get it into the system

Question 7

Consolidation

Answer 7

The process that stabilize and organized new information to facilitate its long-term storage

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

Holding information in a long-term memory store

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

The process of getting information out when it’s needed

Question 10

Recognition memory

Answer 10

Retrieval through recognition among options

Question 11

Recognition memory

Answer 11

Retrieval through recognition among options

Question 12

Recall memory

Answer 12

Requires active retrieval without the aid of cues

Question 13

Cued recall memory

Answer 13

In which you would be given a hint or queue to facilitate retrieval

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

Referred to short-term memory being used to achieve a goal

Question 15

Central executive

Answer 15

Direct attention and controls the flow of information; it is the supervisor of the working memory system

Question 16

Three types of short term memory storage

Answer 16

A phonological loop, which briefly holds auditory information such as words or music

A visual spatial sketchpad, which holds visual information such as colors and shapes

An episodic, buffer, which links auditory and visual information

Question 17

Implicit memory, a.k.a. Nondeclarative memory

Answer 17

Occurs unintentionally automatically and without awareness

Question 18

Explicit memory aka declarative memory

Answer 18

Involves deliberate, effortful recollection of events

Question 19

Semantic memory

Answer 19

General facts

Question 20

Episodic memory

Answer 20

Specific experiences

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

Inability to form new memories

Question 22

Statistical learning

Answer 22

Detection of patterns or regularities around us in order to learn about the world

Question 23

Classical conditioning

Answer 23

A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response

Question 24

Classical conditioning

Answer 24

A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response

Question 25

Operate condition

Answer 25

A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces

Question 26

Operate condition

Answer 26

A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces

Question 27

Social cognitive theory

Answer 27

Claims that humans are cognitive beings, whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development

Question 28

Observational learning

Answer 28

Simply learning by observing the behavior of other people

Question 29

Deferred imitation

Answer 29

The ability date to imitate a novel act after a delay, which clearly requires memory ability and represents an early form of explicit or declarative memory

Question 30

Autobiographical memories

Answer 30

Episodic events of their own young lives

Question 31

Childhood amnesia infantile amnesia

Answer 31

Retain very few autobiographical memories of event events that occurred during the first few years of life

Question 32

Memory development

Answer 32

Changes in basic capacities Changes in memory strategies Increased knowledge of memory Increased knowledge of the world Increased to use and accuracy of memory scripts

Question 33

Perseveration error

Answer 33

Being unable to get the old strategy– ineffective in the new situation – out of their mind and move onto a different strategy that could be successful

Question 34

Rehearsal

Answer 34

Repeating of items, they are trying to learn and remember

Question 35

Organization

Answer 35

Classifying items into meaningful groups

Question 36

Elaboration

Answer 36

Actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered

Question 37

Meta-memory

Answer 37

Knowledge and control of your memory and what your limits are

Question 38

Metacognition

Answer 38

Knowledge of what you know and how you learn, as well being able to monitor the processes involved in thinking

Question 39

Knowledge base

Answer 39

An individual knowledge of a content area to be learned

Question 40

General event representations, GER‘s a.k.a. Scripts

Answer 40

The typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide, future behaviors and similar settings

Question 41

Adaptive strategy choice model

Answer 41

Multiple strategies and their toolbox and will select one or more of the strategies based on the nature of the task as well as their own motivation and comfort level with the task and the strategies

Question 42

Mild cognitive impairment

Answer 42

Experience, significant memory problems – forgetting important appointments, having trouble learning new names, and repeating themselves to the same person

Question 43

Reminiscence bump

Answer 43

Memories that are more easily accessible than memories from other periods of the lifespan

Question 44

Life script

Answer 44

Biased towards positive life, affirming events

Question 45

Constraint seeking questions

Answer 45

Questions that rule out more than one item

Question 46

Selective optimization with compensation SOC

Answer 46

To understand how older adults and really people of any age may hope and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources