Chapter 7 Memory And Learning Flashcards
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia
Information processing approach
Emphasizes the basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision-making
Sensory register
Very briefly holds the abundant information – sites, sounds, smells, and more
Short-term memory
Holds a limited amount of information, perhaps only four chunks, for a short period of time
Long-term memory
A relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information
Encoding information
Get it into the system
Consolidation
The process that stabilize and organized new information to facilitate its long-term storage
Storage
Holding information in a long-term memory store
Retrieval
The process of getting information out when it’s needed
Recognition memory
Retrieval through recognition among options
Recognition memory
Retrieval through recognition among options
Recall memory
Requires active retrieval without the aid of cues
Cued recall memory
In which you would be given a hint or queue to facilitate retrieval
Working memory
Referred to short-term memory being used to achieve a goal
Central executive
Direct attention and controls the flow of information; it is the supervisor of the working memory system
Three types of short term memory storage
A phonological loop, which briefly holds auditory information such as words or music
A visual spatial sketchpad, which holds visual information such as colors and shapes
An episodic, buffer, which links auditory and visual information
Implicit memory, a.k.a. Nondeclarative memory
Occurs unintentionally automatically and without awareness
Explicit memory aka declarative memory
Involves deliberate, effortful recollection of events
Semantic memory
General facts
Episodic memory
Specific experiences
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Statistical learning
Detection of patterns or regularities around us in order to learn about the world
Classical conditioning
A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response
Classical conditioning
A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response
Operate condition
A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces
Operate condition
A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces
Social cognitive theory
Claims that humans are cognitive beings, whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development
Observational learning
Simply learning by observing the behavior of other people
Deferred imitation
The ability date to imitate a novel act after a delay, which clearly requires memory ability and represents an early form of explicit or declarative memory
Autobiographical memories
Episodic events of their own young lives
Childhood amnesia infantile amnesia
Retain very few autobiographical memories of event events that occurred during the first few years of life
Memory development
Changes in basic capacities
Changes in memory strategies
Increased knowledge of memory
Increased knowledge of the world
Increased to use and accuracy of memory scripts
Perseveration error
Being unable to get the old strategy– ineffective in the new situation – out of their mind and move onto a different strategy that could be successful
Rehearsal
Repeating of items, they are trying to learn and remember
Organization
Classifying items into meaningful groups
Elaboration
Actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered
Meta-memory
Knowledge and control of your memory and what your limits are
Metacognition
Knowledge of what you know and how you learn, as well being able to monitor the processes involved in thinking
Knowledge base
An individual knowledge of a content area to be learned
General event representations, GER‘s a.k.a. Scripts
The typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide, future behaviors and similar settings
Adaptive strategy choice model
Multiple strategies and their toolbox and will select one or more of the strategies based on the nature of the task as well as their own motivation and comfort level with the task and the strategies
Mild cognitive impairment
Experience, significant memory problems – forgetting important appointments, having trouble learning new names, and repeating themselves to the same person
Reminiscence bump
Memories that are more easily accessible than memories from other periods of the lifespan
Life script
Biased towards positive life, affirming events
Constraint seeking questions
Questions that rule out more than one item
Selective optimization with compensation SOC
To understand how older adults and really people of any age may hope and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources
