Chapter 7 Memory And Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for information and events occurring prior to the incident that caused the amnesia

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2
Q

Information processing approach

A

Emphasizes the basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision-making

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3
Q

Sensory register

A

Very briefly holds the abundant information – sites, sounds, smells, and more

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4
Q

Short-term memory

A

Holds a limited amount of information, perhaps only four chunks, for a short period of time

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5
Q

Long-term memory

A

A relatively permanent and seemingly unlimited store of information

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6
Q

Encoding information

A

Get it into the system

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7
Q

Consolidation

A

The process that stabilize and organized new information to facilitate its long-term storage

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8
Q

Storage

A

Holding information in a long-term memory store

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9
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out when it’s needed

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10
Q

Recognition memory

A

Retrieval through recognition among options

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11
Q

Recognition memory

A

Retrieval through recognition among options

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12
Q

Recall memory

A

Requires active retrieval without the aid of cues

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13
Q

Cued recall memory

A

In which you would be given a hint or queue to facilitate retrieval

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14
Q

Working memory

A

Referred to short-term memory being used to achieve a goal

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15
Q

Central executive

A

Direct attention and controls the flow of information; it is the supervisor of the working memory system

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16
Q

Three types of short term memory storage

A

A phonological loop, which briefly holds auditory information such as words or music

A visual spatial sketchpad, which holds visual information such as colors and shapes

An episodic, buffer, which links auditory and visual information

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17
Q

Implicit memory, a.k.a. Nondeclarative memory

A

Occurs unintentionally automatically and without awareness

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18
Q

Explicit memory aka declarative memory

A

Involves deliberate, effortful recollection of events

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19
Q

Semantic memory

A

General facts

20
Q

Episodic memory

A

Specific experiences

21
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

22
Q

Statistical learning

A

Detection of patterns or regularities around us in order to learn about the world

23
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response

24
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A stimulus that initially had no effect on an individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that is already it’s the response

25
Q

Operate condition

A

A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces

26
Q

Operate condition

A

A learner behavior becomes either more or less probable, depending on consequences a produces

27
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Claims that humans are cognitive beings, whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development

28
Q

Observational learning

A

Simply learning by observing the behavior of other people

29
Q

Deferred imitation

A

The ability date to imitate a novel act after a delay, which clearly requires memory ability and represents an early form of explicit or declarative memory

30
Q

Autobiographical memories

A

Episodic events of their own young lives

31
Q

Childhood amnesia infantile amnesia

A

Retain very few autobiographical memories of event events that occurred during the first few years of life

32
Q

Memory development

A

Changes in basic capacities
Changes in memory strategies
Increased knowledge of memory
Increased knowledge of the world
Increased to use and accuracy of memory scripts

33
Q

Perseveration error

A

Being unable to get the old strategy– ineffective in the new situation – out of their mind and move onto a different strategy that could be successful

34
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating of items, they are trying to learn and remember

35
Q

Organization

A

Classifying items into meaningful groups

36
Q

Elaboration

A

Actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered

37
Q

Meta-memory

A

Knowledge and control of your memory and what your limits are

38
Q

Metacognition

A

Knowledge of what you know and how you learn, as well being able to monitor the processes involved in thinking

39
Q

Knowledge base

A

An individual knowledge of a content area to be learned

40
Q

General event representations, GER‘s a.k.a. Scripts

A

The typical sequence of actions related to an event and guide, future behaviors and similar settings

41
Q

Adaptive strategy choice model

A

Multiple strategies and their toolbox and will select one or more of the strategies based on the nature of the task as well as their own motivation and comfort level with the task and the strategies

42
Q

Mild cognitive impairment

A

Experience, significant memory problems – forgetting important appointments, having trouble learning new names, and repeating themselves to the same person

43
Q

Reminiscence bump

A

Memories that are more easily accessible than memories from other periods of the lifespan

44
Q

Life script

A

Biased towards positive life, affirming events

45
Q

Constraint seeking questions

A

Questions that rule out more than one item

46
Q

Selective optimization with compensation SOC

A

To understand how older adults and really people of any age may hope and compensate for their diminishing cognitive resources