Chapter 6 Cognition

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved and how it changes across the lifespan

Question 2

Schemes

Answer 2

Cognitive structures – organized patterns of action, or thought that people construct to interpret their experience

Question 3

Five ways cognition develops

Answer 3

Organization, adaptation, assimilation, accommodation, and Equilibration

Question 4

Organization

Answer 4

Systematically combine existing schemes into new and more complex ones

Question 5

Adaptation

Answer 5

The process of adjusting to the demands of the environment
Occurs through two complementary processes, assimilation and accommodation

Question 6

Assimilation

Answer 6

The process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemes or cognitive structures

Question 7

Accommodation

Answer 7

The process of modifying existing schemes to better fit new experiences

Question 8

Equilibration

Answer 8

The process of achieving mental stability where our internal thoughts are consistent with evidence we are receiving from the external world

Question 9

For distinct stages of cognitive development

Answer 9

1. the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2yr)
2. The pre-operational stage 2 to 7 years.
3. the concrete operation stage 7 to 11
4. formal operation stage 11+

Question 10

Zone of proximal development

Answer 10

The gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what she can accomplish with the guidance encouragement of a more skilled partner

Question 11

Guided participation

Answer 11

Actively participating in culturally relevant activities with the aid and support of their parents and other knowledgeable guides

Question 12

Scaffolding

Answer 12

The more skilled person gives structured help to a less skilled learner, but gradually reduces the help as the less skilled learner becomes more competent

Question 13

Private speech

Answer 13

Speech to oneself that guides ones thought and behavior

Question 14

Neuroconstructivism theory

Answer 14

New knowledge is constructed through changes in the neural structures of the brain in response to experiences

Question 15

Dynamic

Answer 15

Check it changes in response to changes in context

Question 16

Skill

Answer 16

A persons ability to perform a particular task in a specific context

Question 17

Developmental range

Answer 17

To better capture their findings that peoples abilities vary with context

Question 18

Pretend play

Answer 18

Starting around age, one – play in which one actor object or action symbolizes or stands for another

Question 19

Object, permanence, a.k.a. object concept

Answer 19

The fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist when they are no longer visible or otherwise detectable to the senses

Question 20

A-not-B error

Answer 20

The surprising tendency of 8 to 12 month olds to search for an object where they last found it (A) rather than in its new hiding place (B)

Question 21

Symbolic capacity

Answer 21

The ability to use images, words or gestures to represent or stand for objects and experiences

Question 22

Primary circular reactions

Answer 22

One to four months. Infants, repeating actions relating to their own bodies that had initially happened by chance.

Question 23

Secondary circular reactions

Answer 23

4 to 8 months. Infants, derived pleasure from repeatedly performing an action on an object.

Question 24

Coordination of secondary schemes

Answer 24

8 to 12 months. Infants combined secondary actions to achieve simple goals, such as when they push an obstacle out-of-the-way in order to grasp a desired object.

Question 25

Tertiary circular reactions

Answer 25

12 to 18 months. Infants experimented and varied ways with toys, exploring them thoroughly and learning all about their properties.

Question 26

Perceptual salience

Answer 26

The most obvious features of an object or situation, means that preschoolers can be fooled by appearances

Question 27

Conservation

Answer 27

The idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when that appearances altered in some superficial way

Question 28

Decentration

Answer 28

The ability to focus on two or more dimensions of a problem at once

Question 29

Centration

Answer 29

The tendency to center attention on a single aspect of the problem

Question 30

Transformational thought

Answer 30

The ability to conceptualize transformations , or processes of change from one state to another

Question 31

Transformational thought

Answer 31

The ability to conceptualize transformations , or processes of change from one state to another

Question 32

Static thought

Answer 32

Thought that is fixed on and states rather than the changes that transform one state into another, as when the water is sitting in the two glasses, not being poured or manipulated

Question 33

Egocentrism

Answer 33

Tendency to view the world solely from their own perspective, and to have difficulty recognizing other points of view

Question 34

Class inclusion

Answer 34

The logical understanding that the parts are included within the whole

Question 35

Seriation

Answer 35

Logical operation, which enables them to arrange items mentally along a quantifiable dimension, such as length or weight

Question 36

Transitivity

Answer 36

The necessary relations among elements in a series

Question 37

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

Answer 37

Reasoning from a general principle or rule to its specific implications

Question 38

Confirmation bias

Answer 38

Seeking and interpreting new information so that it confirms our existing beliefs about something

Question 39

Adolescent egocentrism

Answer 39

Difficulty differentiating ones own thoughts and feelings from those of other people

Question 40

Imaginary audience

Answer 40

Phenomenon involves confusing your own thoughts with those of the hypothesized audience for your behavior

Question 41

Personal fable

Answer 41

Tendency to think that you and your thoughts and feelings are unique

Question 42

Post formal thought

Answer 42

Ways of thinking that are more complex than those of the formal operational stage

Question 43

Relativistic thinking

Answer 43

Understanding that knowledge depends on its contacts and subjective perspectives of the nowhere

Question 44

Dialectical thinking

Answer 44

Trying to reconcile contradictions and inconsistency among ideas

Question 45

Information processing approach

Answer 45

To human cognition, emphasizes the basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory, and decision-making