Chapter 3 prenatal development and birth

Question 1

When does development start?

Answer 1

At conception

Conception occurs when the genetic material of the sperm and egg unite to form a single celled zygote

Question 2

Varicocele

Answer 2

A condition affecting men in which enlarged veins on their testicles raise the temperature in the testes interfering with sperm production

Question 3

Endometriosis

Answer 3

A condition affecting women arising when bits of tissue lining the uterus grow outside of the uterus

Question 4

Artificial insemination

Answer 4

A.k.a. intrauterine insemination

Involves injecting sperm into the uterus

Question 5

In vitro fertilization

Answer 5

Several eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and manually combined with sperm in a laboratory

Return to the uterus in hopes that one egg will implant

Question 6

Prenatal stage
Germinal period

Answer 6

First trimester begins with this.

Last approximately two weeks

Zygote divides many times through mitosis forming blastocyst

Question 7

Prenatal stage embryonic.

Answer 7

Occurs from 3rd to 8th week after conception

Eyes ears, nose, and mouth take shape and buds appear that will become arms and legs

Question 8

Prenatal stage fetal

Answer 8

Last from ninth week of pregnancy until birth

Encompasses part of the first trimester and all of the middle and last trimesters

Critical period for three processes of brain development: proliferation, migration, and differentiation

Question 9

Organogenesis

Answer 9

Time period when every major organ takes shape

Question 10

Amnion

Answer 10

Watertight membrane that fills with fluid that cushions and protects the embryo

Question 11

Chorion

Answer 11

Membrane that surrounds the amnion

Attaches route extensions called villi to the uterine lining together nourishment for the embryo

Question 12

Placenta

Answer 12

Tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord

Question 13

Spina bifida

Answer 13

Part of the spinal cord is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column

Question 14

Anencephaly

Answer 14

Failure to close at the top of the neural tube

Fatal, as main portion of the brain does not develop

Question 15

Age of viability

Answer 15

When survival of the uterus as possible, if the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed

Proximately 23 weeks after conception

At week 25 the survival rate without impairment is about 50%

Question 16

During the second half of pregnancy

Answer 16

Neurons proliferate

Neurons increase in size

Neurons develop myelin

Heart rate activity and movement become organized as infant states

Fetus moves to the fetal position in preparation of birth

Question 17

Fetal programming

Answer 17

Environmental events during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus

Question 18

Fetal programming

Answer 18

Environmental events during pregnancy may alter the expected genetic unfolding of the embryo/fetus

Question 19

Teratogen

Answer 19

Any disease, drug or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus

Effects are worse during the critical period

Question 20

Teratogen: Thalidomide

Answer 20

Used to relieve morning sickness in 1950s

Later became clear that there are critical periods for different deformities caused by thalidomide



Question 21

Teratogen: tobacco

Answer 21

Increased risk of miscarriage

Prematurity, growth, retardation, and small size

Respiratory problems

Cleft lip and cleft pallets

Raises risk of SIDS

Problems with attention, impulsivity, delinquent behavior, and substance abuse

Question 22

Teratogen: alcohol

Answer 22

Crosses the placenta

Disrupts the normal process of neuronal migration

Can lead to neuronal death

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 23

Teratogens: illicit drugs

Answer 23

Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, premature detachment of placenta, fetal nourishment

Opioids: smaller babies, and early delivery, increase risk of cesarean section delivery and respiratory support, neonatal abstinence syndrome a.k.a. withdrawal

Question 24

Teratogens: rubella (measles)

Answer 24

Blindness, deafness, heart defects, intellectual disability

Question 25

Teratogens maternal diabetes

Answer 25

Risk of premature delivery

Still birth or miscarriage

Immature, long development

Large fetal size

Question 26

Teratogens sTI’s

Answer 26

Aids: can be transmitted to babies, prenatally through the placenta; perinatally blood exchanged by mother and baby; postnatally during breast-feeding

Syphilis: can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, blindness, intellectual disability

Question 27

Teratogens radiation and pollutants

Answer 27

Radiation: higher than normal rate of intellectual disability, greater incidence of leukemia and cancers

Pollutants: lower birth rate, pre-term birth, impaired intellectual functioning

Question 28

Teratogens maternal age

Answer 28

A factor related to fetal death
More common under 15 years and over 40 years old

Question 29

Maternal factors malnutrition

Answer 29

first trimester disruption formation of spinal cord, fewer brains, cells, and still birth

Third trimester, smaller, neurons, smaller brain, and smaller child

Question 30

Maternal factors obesity

Answer 30

Offspring obesity, and diabetes

Question 31

Maternal factors stress and anxiety

Answer 31

Prolonged and severe emotional stress and anxiety during pregnancy: faster and more regular heart rate, stunted, prenatal growth, following birth – smaller, more irritable,, more prone to cry

Question 32

Paternal factors

Answer 32

Older, paternal age: odds of miscarriage are higher, elevated risk of congenital heart, defects, neural tube, defects, and kidney problems; odds of down syndrome higher; risk factor for schizophrenia

Question 33

Three stages of childbirth

Answer 33

First stage of labor, mother experiences, regular contractions – oxytocin speeds up contraction

Second stage of labor: delivery

Third stage of labor: delivery of the placenta

Question 34

Anoxia

Answer 34

Oxygen shortage: umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled, sedatives interfere with babies, breathing, breach presentation

Severe oxygen shortage: memory impairment, cerebral palsy

Question 35

Apgar test

Answer 35

Assessment of the newborn’s heart rate, respiration color, muscle tone, and reflexes

Question 36

Migration

Answer 36

The neurons move from their place of origin in the center of the brain to particular locations throughout the brain wire they will become part of specialized functioning units

Question 37

Differentiation

Answer 37

Transformation of cells. Neurons Evol into our particulate type or function based on where they land following migration.

Question 38

Perinatal environment

Answer 38

The environments surrounding birth: drugs given to the mother during labor, delivery practices, and the social environment shortly after birth

Question 39

Neonatal

Answer 39

the events of the first month and how parents might optimize the development of young infants

Question 40

Kangaroo care

Answer 40

Resting on a parents, chest helps maintain body temperature, heart rate and oxygen levels