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Biology > Genes & Body > Flashcards

Genes & Body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does recessive mean?

A

A version of a gene that will only have an effect if the other one is also recessive

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1
Q

What does dominant mean?

A

A version of a gene that will always have an effect

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2
Q

What is the definition of genotype?

A

The alleles for certain characteristics that are found in an organism

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3
Q

What is the definition of phenotype?

A

The characteristics a certain set of alleles causes

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4
Q

What is the definition of homozygous?

A

If both alleles are the same, the organism is homozygous for that characteristic

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5
Q

What is the definition of hetrozygous?

A

If both alleles are different, the organism is heterozygous for that characteristic

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6
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of a cell

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7
Q

Describe DNA

A

DNA (inside nucleus) is twisted to form chromosomes

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8
Q

Describe a chromosome

A

Chromosomes (inside DNA) contain genes that code for different characteristics

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9
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

There are 46 - 23 from each parent

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10
Q

How many alleles per gene?

A

There are always 2 alleles per every gene

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11
Q

Describe the conditions of Cystic Fibrosis

A 
Extra sticky mucus
Blocked lungs
Reproductive problems
Breathing problems
Lung infections
Digestive problems
Recessive disease
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12
Q

Describe the conditions of Sickle Cell Disease

A 
Poor circulation
Poor oxygen transport
Tired easily
Resistant to Malaria
Recessive disease
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13
Q

Describe homeostasis

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, despite changes in the external environment

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14
Q

Give examples of homeostasis

A 
Body temperature
Blood glucose regulation
Water level
Blood salt content
Blood pH
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15
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The results to up and down but stay roughly constant

16
Q

Describe the process of ‘vaso constriction’ - keeping warm

A
  • The body acts to reduce heat loss
  • Hair erector muscles contract and make hair stand upright
  • This traps warm air close to the skin
  • Sweat glands stop making sweat
  • Blood vessels get narrower, less blood near the surface
  • This reduces heat loss by radiation
17
Q

Describe the process of ‘vaso dilation’ - cooling down

A
  • The body acts to increase heat loss
  • Hair erector muscles relax and make hair lie flat against skin
  • Less air is trapped near the surface, more heat is lost by radiation
  • Sweat glands make sweat
  • This evaporates off skin
  • Blood vessels widen, more blood near the surface
  • This increases heat loss by radiation
18
Q

Why is controlling body temperature important?

A

So that your body can function and work properly, for example enzymes need to be at a certain temperature to work

19
Q

How does the body control temperature?

A

Brain detects temperature
If it’s higher than 37, your body starts sweating
If it’s lower than 37, your body starts shivering

20
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal chord

21
Q

What is the purpose if a neurone?

A

To carry electrical messages called impulses

22
Q

What is the speed of a nerve impulse?

A

15.8 m/s

23
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A

Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neuron > Spinal Chord > Synapse > Relay Neuron > Motor Neuron > Effector > Response

24
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The point where 2 nerves join - synapses also slow down reactions

25
Q

What is in a vessicle?

A

It contains a neuro transmitting substance

26
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A way of protecting yourself - reflexes are something you’re born with, they do not involve conscious thought

27
Q

What happens when your blood glucose level is too high?

A

Your pancreas makes insulin
Your blood transports the insulin around your body
You liver converts glucose to glycogen

28
Q

Describe Diabetes Type 1

A

You are born with it

Your body produces no insulin

29
Q

What is the treatment for Diabetes Type 1?

A

Low sugar diet - avoid sugary food

Injections of insulin

30
Q

Describe Diabetes Type 2

A

If you eat too much sugary food, your insulin stops working and stops being produced - if you are obese, you have a greater chance if getting diabetes

31
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

It lowers your body’s blood sugar level

32
Q

What is BMI and how do you work it out?

A

Body Mass Index

height (m2)

33
Q

Why do diabetics inject insulin about half an hour before each meal?

A

Because it takes time for the insulin to travel around the body

Biology (8 decks)

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