Generalities Flashcards
1
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
DNA with nuclear membrane
A
Eukaryotes
2
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
DNA associsted with histones
A
Eukaryotes
3
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Membrane bound organelles
A
Eukaryotes
4
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Size of ribosome 70s (50+30s)
A
Prokaryotes
5
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Size of ribosome 80s (60+40s)
A
Eukaryotes
6
Q
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Cell wall containing peptidoglycan
A
Prokaryotes
7
Q
Non SI unit for sedimentation rate
A
Svedberg Unit
8
Q
All bacteria have no sterol except for
A
Mycoplasma
9
Q
Cell wall of bacteria is made up of
A
Peptidoglycan
10
Q
Cell wall of fungi is made of
A
Chitin
11
Q
Protozoa has no cell wall but has flexible membrane due to presence of
A
Cholesterol
12
Q
Outer surface of viruses contain
A
Protein capsid and nuclear envelope
13
Q
Has prokaryotic nucleus
A
Bacteria
14
Q
Organism that has no mitochondria
A
Virus and bacteria
15
Q
Method of replication of bacteria
A
Binary fission
16
Q
Method of replication of fungi
A
Budding
17
Q
Method of replication of protozoa and helminths
A
Mitosis
18
Q
Growth of thermally dimorphic fungi
A
Mold on room temperature
Yeast in infected tissue (body temp)
19
Q
Obligate intracellular parasites of plants
A
Viroids
20
Q
Mobile genetic elements
DNA pieces that move from one site to the other
Jumping genes
A
Transposon
21
Q
Codes for drug resistant enzymes, toxins and cause mutation in genes
A
Transposon
22
Q
Infectious agent that lack nucleic acids
A
Prions
23
Q
Noncellular infectious proteins
Naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as human proteins but have folded differently
A
Prions
24
Q
Associated with spongiform encephalopathy
A
Prions
25
Disease with appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation
Spongiform encephalopathy
26
Most common transmission of Prion diseases
Sporadic
27
Progressive, neurodegenerative disease that manifests as shivering, myoclonic jerks, rapidly progressing dementia
No treatment available
Creutzfelt-Jakob disease
28
Prion related disease associated with mutation in the PrP gene
Familial CJD
29
All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except
Mycoplasma
30
The peptidoglycan cell wall is composed for sugar backbone and peptide side chains cross linked by
Transpeptidase
31
MOA of vancomycin in MRSA
Altering the D-ala D-ala sequence of the peptidoglycan wall
32
Lysozymes kill bacteria by cleaving which part of the cell wall?
B 1-4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM
33
Unique component to gram positive cell wall
Techoic acid
34
Unique component to gram negative cell wall
Endotoxin /LPS
35
What type of bacteria has a thicker peptidoglycan layer
Gram positive
36
Type of bacteria that has a periplasmic space in the cell wall
Gram negative
37
All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except
Listeria monocytogenes
38
What antigens are in endotoxins?
Lipid A and O
39
Primary stain in Gram stain
Crystal violet
40
Decolorizing agent in Gram stain
Acetone
41
Counterstain in Gram stain
Safranin
42
Stain used for Legionella
Silver stain
43
Stain used for chlamydia and rickettsia
Giemsa
44
Bacteria not seen in Gram stain
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
```
Treponema
Ricketssia
Mycoplasma
Mycobacteria
Legionella
Chlamydia
```
45
Which component of gram negative cell wall is responsible for its nonspecific endotoxin activity?
Lipopolysaccharide
46
Oldest acid fast staining method that involved heating the specimen during the procedure
Ziehl neelsen
| Zizzling
47
Which component of gram negative cell wall reduces its susceptibility to lysozymes?
Outer membrane
48
Part of bacteria that is an invagination of plasma membrane that participates in cell division and secretion
Mesosome
49
Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane that contains hydrolytic enzymes including beta lactamases
Periplasm
50
Glycoprotein that serves for attachment and conjugation of bacteria
Pilus or fimbria
51
Polysaccharide component of bacteria that mediates adherence to surface
Glycocalyx
52
Example of bacteria with glycocalyx
S epidermidis
| S viridans
53
What component of bacteria gives its ability to resist heat and chemicals?
Spores
54
Bacterial genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins
Plasmids
55
Site of nutrients for bacteria in cytoplasm
Granules
56
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except
Bacillus anthracis
| Polypeptide of D glutamate
57
Which bacteria has spores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
58
Extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome
Plasmids
59
Plasmids that are integrated into the bacterial chromosome are called
Episomes
60
Phase in bacterial growth cycle where cells are depleted of metabolites as the resur of unfavorable condition
Lag phase
61
Phase in bacterial cell growth where cell do not divide
Lag phase
62
Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where rapid cell division occurs
Log/ exponential phase
63
Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where beta lactams act
Log /exponential phase
64
Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where exhaustion of nutirents or accumulation of toxic products cause zero growth rate
Stationary phase
65
Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where nutrients have been exhausted
Decline /death phase
66
Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where there is negative growth rate
Decline or death phase
67
Bactericidal drugs
Beta lactams
DNA gyrase (quinolones)
Aminoglycosides
68
Bacteriostatic drugs
Chloramphenicol
30s- tetracycline, except aminoglycoside
50s- macrolide
69
Instances where chloramphenicol is bactericidal
No BF Since High school
N meningitidis
B fragilis
S pneumoniae
H influenzae
70
Thses enzymes are needed to survive in aerobic environments
Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase
Catalase
71
Most primitive/ fundamental enzyme for aerobic survival
Superoxide dismutase
72
Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation
Obligate aerobes
73
Use fermentation but can require low amounts of oxygen because they have SOD
Microaerophiles
74
Uses oxygen when present but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative anaerobes
75
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack superoxide dismitase, catalase and peroxidase
Obligate anaerobes
76
Exclusively anaerobic and insensitive to presence of oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
77
Obligate aerobes
Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen
```
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella Brucella, B. cereus
Legionella
```
78
Obligate anaerobes
ABC
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium
79
Facultative anaerobes
Some Bacteria Can Live Multiple lives
Staph, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium, listeria, mycoplasma
80
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Propionibacterum
| Lactobacillus acidophilus
81
Which enzyme system is present in microaerophiles?
Superoxide dismutase
82
DNA transfer from one bacterium to another
Conjugation
83
DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
84
Purified DNA taken up by a cell
Transformation
85
Toxins that can be inherited through the Lysogenic cycle of Transduction
ABCDE
```
ShigA like toxin -EHEC
Botulinum toxin
Cholera
Diphtheria
Erythrogenic toxin of S.pyogenes
```
86
Microorganisms that have low virulence in their usual anatomic site
Normal flora
87
Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding
Colonization resistance
88
Normal flora in the nose
Staph aureus
89
Normal flora in the mouth
Viridans strep
90
Normal flora in the dental plaque
Strep mutans
91
Normal flora in the colon
E coli
| Bacteroides
92
Normal flora in the vagina
Lactobacillus vaginalis
E coli
Strep agalactiae
93
Measure of microbe's ability to cause disease
Virulence
94
Surface proteins present in salmonella and E. coli that mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins like fibronectin
Curli
95
Enzymes that allow spread through subcutaneous tissue
Hyaluronidase
| Collagenase
96
Enzyme that accelerates formation of fibrin clot
Coagulase
97
Enzyme that allows adherence to mucous membranes and line mucous tracts
IgA protease
98
Enzyme that destroys neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages
Leukocidin
99
Leukocidin of staph aureus is called
PVL
| Panton-Valentine leukocidin
100
```
Which of the ff may be considered primarily responsible for the development of cellulitis from a small furuncle?
A. Lipase
B. Hyaluronidase
C. Panton-Valentine leukocidin
D. Hemolysin
```
B
101
Bacteria with IgA protease
SHiNy mucous
Strep pneumoniae
H influenzae
Neisseria
102
All exotoxins are heat labile except
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
103
Cell wall protein of S. pyogenes that is anti phagocytic
M protein
104
Cell wall protein of S. aureus that prevents complement activation
Protein A
105
Type of toxin that has no vaccine available
Endotoxin
106
Polypeptides secreted by certain bacteria that alter specific cell functions resulting in the symptom of disease
Exotoxin
107
Types of Exotoxin
ADP ribosylation
Protease
Superantigen
Lecithinase
108
Bacteria with ADP ribosylation exotoxin
DCEP
Diphtheria
Cholera
E.coli
Pertussis
109
Bacteria with superantigen exotoxin
SuperanTigEn- STE
TSS
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Erythrogenic toxin
110
Bacteria with protease exotoxin
proTBASe
Tetanus
Botulinum
Anthrax
Scalded skin
111
Bacteria with Lecithinase exotoxin
Clostridium
112
```
Which kills cells by cleaving 60s ribosomal subunits
A. Exotoxin A
B. Shiga toxin
C. Amikacin
D. Clindamycin
```
Shiga toxin
113
AGAR TIME
| Egg yolk
Clostridium perfringens
114
AGAR TIME
| Tellurite
Corynebacterium diphteriae
115
AGAR TIME
| Bile esculin
Group D streptococcus
116
AGAR TIME
| Staphylococci
Mannitol salts
117
AGAR TIME
| Chocolate
Neiserria
118
AGAR TIME
| Thayer Martin
Neisseria gonorrhea from nonsterile site
119
AGAR TIME
| H influenzae
Chocolate + factor X and V
120
AGAR TIME
| Skirrows
Campylobacter
| Helicobacter
121
AGAR TIME
| Eaton
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
122
AGAR TIME
| Vibrio cholera
Thiosulfate citrate bile salts
| TCBS
123
Common use for fluorescent antibody test is for these bacteria
Bordetella
| Legionella
124
False positive VDRL results may be due to
VDRL
viral- EBV
Drugs- marijuana
R- RA/ RF
L- lupus, leprosy
125
Diagnostic test primarily directed at the detection of carbohydrate antigens of encapsulated microorganisms
Latex agglutination
126
Latex agglutination can be used for diagnosis of
Group A strep
Cryptococcal antigen (CALAS)
Bacterial meningitis
127
This diagnostic test is based upon the electrophoretic separation of major proteins of the organism
Western Blot
128
BBB Penetrability
| Excellent with or without inflammation
```
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Trimethroprim
Metronidazole
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Fluconazole
```
129
BBB Penetrability
| No passage even with inflammation
Polymixins
1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins
Amphotericin B
130
Mechanism of resistance to tetracycline
Active efflux from cell
131
Mechanism of resistance of Chloramphenicol
Reduced uptake into cell
