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Generalities Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

DNA with nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

DNA associsted with histones

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

Membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

Size of ribosome 70s (50+30s)

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

Size of ribosome 80s (60+40s)

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:

Cell wall containing peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotes

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7
Q

Non SI unit for sedimentation rate

A

Svedberg Unit

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8
Q

All bacteria have no sterol except for

A

Mycoplasma

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9
Q

Cell wall of bacteria is made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

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10
Q

Cell wall of fungi is made of

A

Chitin

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11
Q

Protozoa has no cell wall but has flexible membrane due to presence of

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

Outer surface of viruses contain

A

Protein capsid and nuclear envelope

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13
Q

Has prokaryotic nucleus

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Organism that has no mitochondria

A

Virus and bacteria

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15
Q

Method of replication of bacteria

A

Binary fission

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16
Q

Method of replication of fungi

A

Budding

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17
Q

Method of replication of protozoa and helminths

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Growth of thermally dimorphic fungi

A

Mold on room temperature

Yeast in infected tissue (body temp)

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19
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites of plants

A

Viroids

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20
Q

Mobile genetic elements
DNA pieces that move from one site to the other
Jumping genes

A

Transposon

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21
Q

Codes for drug resistant enzymes, toxins and cause mutation in genes

A

Transposon

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22
Q

Infectious agent that lack nucleic acids

A

Prions

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23
Q

Noncellular infectious proteins

Naked proteins that have the same amino acid sequence as human proteins but have folded differently

A

Prions

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24
Q

Associated with spongiform encephalopathy

A

Prions

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25
Q

Disease with appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

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26
Q

Most common transmission of Prion diseases

A

Sporadic

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27
Q

Progressive, neurodegenerative disease that manifests as shivering, myoclonic jerks, rapidly progressing dementia

No treatment available

A

Creutzfelt-Jakob disease

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28
Q

Prion related disease associated with mutation in the PrP gene

A

Familial CJD

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29
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except

A

Mycoplasma

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30
Q

The peptidoglycan cell wall is composed for sugar backbone and peptide side chains cross linked by

A

Transpeptidase

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31
Q

MOA of vancomycin in MRSA

A

Altering the D-ala D-ala sequence of the peptidoglycan wall

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32
Q

Lysozymes kill bacteria by cleaving which part of the cell wall?

A

B 1-4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

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33
Q

Unique component to gram positive cell wall

A

Techoic acid

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34
Q

Unique component to gram negative cell wall

A

Endotoxin /LPS

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35
Q

What type of bacteria has a thicker peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram positive

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36
Q

Type of bacteria that has a periplasmic space in the cell wall

A

Gram negative

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37
Q

All gram positive bacteria have no endotoxin except

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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38
Q

What antigens are in endotoxins?

A

Lipid A and O

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39
Q

Primary stain in Gram stain

A

Crystal violet

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40
Q

Decolorizing agent in Gram stain

A

Acetone

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41
Q

Counterstain in Gram stain

A

Safranin

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42
Q

Stain used for Legionella

A

Silver stain

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43
Q

Stain used for chlamydia and rickettsia

A

Giemsa

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44
Q

Bacteria not seen in Gram stain

A

These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Treponema
Ricketssia
Mycoplasma
Mycobacteria
Legionella
Chlamydia
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45
Q

Which component of gram negative cell wall is responsible for its nonspecific endotoxin activity?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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46
Q

Oldest acid fast staining method that involved heating the specimen during the procedure

A

Ziehl neelsen

Zizzling

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47
Q

Which component of gram negative cell wall reduces its susceptibility to lysozymes?

A

Outer membrane

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48
Q

Part of bacteria that is an invagination of plasma membrane that participates in cell division and secretion

A

Mesosome

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49
Q

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane that contains hydrolytic enzymes including beta lactamases

A

Periplasm

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50
Q

Glycoprotein that serves for attachment and conjugation of bacteria

A

Pilus or fimbria

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51
Q

Polysaccharide component of bacteria that mediates adherence to surface

A

Glycocalyx

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52
Q

Example of bacteria with glycocalyx

A

S epidermidis

S viridans

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53
Q

What component of bacteria gives its ability to resist heat and chemicals?

A

Spores

54
Q

Bacterial genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

Plasmids

55
Q

Site of nutrients for bacteria in cytoplasm

A

Granules

56
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

A

Bacillus anthracis

Polypeptide of D glutamate

57
Q

Which bacteria has spores?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

58
Q

Extrachromosomal, double stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

59
Q

Plasmids that are integrated into the bacterial chromosome are called

A

Episomes

60
Q

Phase in bacterial growth cycle where cells are depleted of metabolites as the resur of unfavorable condition

A

Lag phase

61
Q

Phase in bacterial cell growth where cell do not divide

A

Lag phase

62
Q

Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where rapid cell division occurs

A

Log/ exponential phase

63
Q

Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where beta lactams act

A

Log /exponential phase

64
Q

Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where exhaustion of nutirents or accumulation of toxic products cause zero growth rate

A

Stationary phase

65
Q

Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where nutrients have been exhausted

A

Decline /death phase

66
Q

Phase in the bacterial growth cycle where there is negative growth rate

A

Decline or death phase

67
Q

Bactericidal drugs

A

Beta lactams
DNA gyrase (quinolones)
Aminoglycosides

68
Q

Bacteriostatic drugs

A

Chloramphenicol
30s- tetracycline, except aminoglycoside
50s- macrolide

69
Q

Instances where chloramphenicol is bactericidal

A

No BF Since High school

N meningitidis
B fragilis
S pneumoniae
H influenzae

70
Q

Thses enzymes are needed to survive in aerobic environments

A

Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase
Catalase

71
Q

Most primitive/ fundamental enzyme for aerobic survival

A

Superoxide dismutase

72
Q

Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation

A

Obligate aerobes

73
Q

Use fermentation but can require low amounts of oxygen because they have SOD

A

Microaerophiles

74
Q

Uses oxygen when present but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative anaerobes

75
Q

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack superoxide dismitase, catalase and peroxidase

A

Obligate anaerobes

76
Q

Exclusively anaerobic and insensitive to presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

77
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen

Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella Brucella, B. cereus
Legionella
78
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

ABC

Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

79
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Some Bacteria Can Live Multiple lives

Staph, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium, listeria, mycoplasma

80
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Propionibacterum

Lactobacillus acidophilus

81
Q

Which enzyme system is present in microaerophiles?

A

Superoxide dismutase

82
Q

DNA transfer from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

83
Q

DNA transfer by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

84
Q

Purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

85
Q

Toxins that can be inherited through the Lysogenic cycle of Transduction

A

ABCDE

ShigA like toxin -EHEC
Botulinum toxin
Cholera
Diphtheria 
Erythrogenic toxin of S.pyogenes
86
Q

Microorganisms that have low virulence in their usual anatomic site

A

Normal flora

87
Q

Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

A

Colonization resistance

88
Q

Normal flora in the nose

A

Staph aureus

89
Q

Normal flora in the mouth

A

Viridans strep

90
Q

Normal flora in the dental plaque

A

Strep mutans

91
Q

Normal flora in the colon

A

E coli

Bacteroides

92
Q

Normal flora in the vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalis
E coli
Strep agalactiae

93
Q

Measure of microbe’s ability to cause disease

A

Virulence

94
Q

Surface proteins present in salmonella and E. coli that mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins like fibronectin

A

Curli

95
Q

Enzymes that allow spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

Hyaluronidase

Collagenase

96
Q

Enzyme that accelerates formation of fibrin clot

A

Coagulase

97
Q

Enzyme that allows adherence to mucous membranes and line mucous tracts

A

IgA protease

98
Q

Enzyme that destroys neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

99
Q

Leukocidin of staph aureus is called

A

PVL

Panton-Valentine leukocidin

100
Q 
Which of the ff may be considered primarily responsible for the development of cellulitis from a small furuncle?
A. Lipase
B. Hyaluronidase
C. Panton-Valentine leukocidin
D. Hemolysin
A

B

101
Q

Bacteria with IgA protease

A

SHiNy mucous

Strep pneumoniae
H influenzae
Neisseria

102
Q

All exotoxins are heat labile except

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

103
Q

Cell wall protein of S. pyogenes that is anti phagocytic

A

M protein

104
Q

Cell wall protein of S. aureus that prevents complement activation

A

Protein A

105
Q

Type of toxin that has no vaccine available

A

Endotoxin

106
Q

Polypeptides secreted by certain bacteria that alter specific cell functions resulting in the symptom of disease

A

Exotoxin

107
Q

Types of Exotoxin

A

ADP ribosylation
Protease
Superantigen
Lecithinase

108
Q

Bacteria with ADP ribosylation exotoxin

A

DCEP

Diphtheria
Cholera
E.coli
Pertussis

109
Q

Bacteria with superantigen exotoxin

A

SuperanTigEn- STE

TSS
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Erythrogenic toxin

110
Q

Bacteria with protease exotoxin

A

proTBASe

Tetanus
Botulinum
Anthrax
Scalded skin

111
Q

Bacteria with Lecithinase exotoxin

A

Clostridium

112
Q 
Which kills cells by cleaving 60s ribosomal subunits
A. Exotoxin A
B. Shiga toxin
C. Amikacin
D. Clindamycin
A

Shiga toxin

113
Q

AGAR TIME

Egg yolk

A

Clostridium perfringens

114
Q

AGAR TIME

Tellurite

A

Corynebacterium diphteriae

115
Q

AGAR TIME

Bile esculin

A

Group D streptococcus

116
Q

AGAR TIME

Staphylococci

A

Mannitol salts

117
Q

AGAR TIME

Chocolate

A

Neiserria

118
Q

AGAR TIME

Thayer Martin

A

Neisseria gonorrhea from nonsterile site

119
Q

AGAR TIME

H influenzae

A

Chocolate + factor X and V

120
Q

AGAR TIME

Skirrows

A

Campylobacter

Helicobacter

121
Q

AGAR TIME

Eaton

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

122
Q

AGAR TIME

Vibrio cholera

A

Thiosulfate citrate bile salts

TCBS

123
Q

Common use for fluorescent antibody test is for these bacteria

A

Bordetella

Legionella

124
Q

False positive VDRL results may be due to

A

VDRL

viral- EBV
Drugs- marijuana
R- RA/ RF
L- lupus, leprosy

125
Q

Diagnostic test primarily directed at the detection of carbohydrate antigens of encapsulated microorganisms

A

Latex agglutination

126
Q

Latex agglutination can be used for diagnosis of

A

Group A strep
Cryptococcal antigen (CALAS)
Bacterial meningitis

127
Q

This diagnostic test is based upon the electrophoretic separation of major proteins of the organism

A

Western Blot

128
Q

BBB Penetrability

Excellent with or without inflammation

A 
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Trimethroprim
Metronidazole
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Fluconazole
129
Q

BBB Penetrability

No passage even with inflammation

A

Polymixins
1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins
Amphotericin B

130
Q

Mechanism of resistance to tetracycline

A

Active efflux from cell

131
Q

Mechanism of resistance of Chloramphenicol

A

Reduced uptake into cell

Micro (6 decks)

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