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Immune > General stuff about pathogen > Flashcards

General stuff about pathogen Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between cytokines and chemokines?

A

Cytokines is an umbrella term for signaling molecules

Chemokines is a chemoattractant cytokine

  • alpha chemokine (CXC)
    i. e., CXCL8
  • beta chemokine (CC)
  • adjacent cysteines
  • CCL3

Gamma/C chemokines (XCL1)

CXXXC chemokines
cleaved from cell surface
CX3CL1 is the only one

Other cytokines: IFN, IL, TNF

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2
Q

Alpha chemokine

A
  • one a.a. between the first two conserved cysteine residues
  • nomenclature CXCL8
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3
Q

What chemokine is targeted more to neutrophils than other immune cells?

A

CXC or alpha chemokine

has an a.a. separating the first two conserved cysteines

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4
Q

What chemokine lacks the first and third cysteins?

A

Gamma or C chemokine

XCL1

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5
Q

What chemokine tends not to be a chemoattractant to neutrophils?

A

Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine

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6
Q

What chemokine has their first two conserved cysteins adjacent to each other?

A

Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine

nomenclature CCL3

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7
Q

What chemokines are chemoattractant to specific lymphocyte subsets?

A

XCL1

gamma chemokine or C chemokines

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8
Q

what is the only member of their class of chemokine so far?

A

CX3CL1 is the only member of the CXXC chemokine class.

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9
Q

What is the only example of chemokine that has to be cleaved from the cell surface?

A

CXXC chemokine, specifically

CX3CL1

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10
Q

Commensal

A

Gut flora, our microbiome, part of our normal flora

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11
Q

Opportunistic

A

disease only with weakened immune

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12
Q

Epidemic

A

large geographic area in naive population

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13
Q

Pandemic

A

global

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14
Q

Obligate

A

Viruses lack their own metabolic machinery, thus, they need the hosts’ for vital function

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15
Q

Rather than having a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, the XXX has what instead of nucleus and what else?

A

Rather than having a nucleus, bacteria has nucleoids and ribosomes.

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16
Q

True or False: Most bacteria don’t cause disease.

A

True

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17
Q

-Coccus

A

Spherical

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18
Q

-Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

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19
Q

-Spirillum

A

spiral shape

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20
Q

-Vibrio

A

Curved rod or comma shaped

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21
Q

Strepto-

A

chains

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22
Q

Staphylo-

A

in clusters

23
Q

Diplo-

A

Pairs

24
Q

Gram what stains purple and why?

A

Gram Positive stains Purple

bc of thick peptidoglycan wall

25
Q

Which gram bacteria has LPS, lipopolysacchride?

A

Gram Negative Bacteria

26
Q

Lysozyme can’t degrade gram negative bacteria

A

Gram Negative has an outer membrane before the peptidoglycan wall, so the outer membrane protects it.

27
Q

Has o specific side chains and thin

peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram Negative

28
Q

periplasmic Space

A

Space b/w cell wall and cytoplasmic MEMBRANE for positive. SMALL PERIPLASMIC SPACE in gram positive

For negative, space b/w the outer and inner membrane

29
Q

Acid fast stain

A

Mycobacteria and Nocardia

30
Q

Acid works well with

A

bacteria with fatty acid, waxes, lipids, mycolic acid

31
Q

Steps for Acid fast stain

A

stain everything carbofulshin red
HCL decolorize everything except acid fast bacteria
Methylene blue stains non-acid fast bacteria blue

32
Q

Bactria are classified by four properties

A
  1. shapes
  2. stains
  3. need oxygen or not
  4. their metabolism, antibiotic susceptibility
33
Q

Fungi eurkaryotic or prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic

Bacteria are prokaryotes

34
Q

Fungi ergocholesterol or cholesterol

A

ergocholesterol

35
Q

Molds are - cellular and yeast are -cellular. Molds have chicken legs and reproduce either xx or xx and yeast reproduce by xx/xx

A

Molds are MULTIcellular and yeast are UNIcellular. Molds have hyphae and can reproduce asexual or sexually. Yeast reproduce by budding/fission

36
Q

Hyphae

A

Molds

37
Q

Opportunistic mycoses

A

weakened immune system causes commensual fungi to affect the individual

38
Q 
Which is asymptomatic?
superficial mycoses
cutaneous mycoses
SQ mycoses
endemic/systemic mycoses
A

superficial mycoses

39
Q

Which mycoses affects the cornea, uscle, CT, deeper layers of skin?

A

SQ mycoses

40
Q

keratin containg hair, nail, skin symptomatic

A

Cutaneous mycoses

41
Q

Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells
Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC
SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC
Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl
Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi

A

Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells
Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC
SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC
Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl
Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi

42
Q

Trophozoite

A

activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa

43
Q

Schizogomy

A

multiple fission followed by separation

44
Q

Conjugation

A

two haploid protozoa fuse to create zygote

45
Q

Locomotion

A

Protozoa

pseudopodia cell extension that flow in direction travelled

cilia
flagella

46
Q

Flagella vs Cilia

A

Flagella fewer, longer, more whiplike

47
Q

Parasite
eukaryotic protozoa
eukaryotic stramenopila
eukaryotic metazoa

A

eukaryotic protoza parasites are single celled

eukaryotic stramenopila parasites are single celled

eukaryotic metazoa parasites are multicellular

48
Q

Transmission of virus from animal reservoirs

A

are called zoonoses

49
Q

Dead gram negative bacteria secrete

A

dead gram negative bacteria secrete endotoxins

50
Q

Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins

A

Endotoxins are from gram negative bacteria LPS systemic

Exotoxins are from gram positive bacteria

51
Q

What creates a biofilm with what?

A

Fungi creates a biofilm with bacteria

52
Q

Are megakaryocytes considered to be leukocytes?

A

No

53
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to what to turns to what that eventually turns into rbc?

A

Myeloid stem cell > proerthryocyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte

Immune (6 decks)

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