General stuff about pathogen Flashcards
Difference between cytokines and chemokines?
Cytokines is an umbrella term for signaling molecules
Chemokines is a chemoattractant cytokine
- alpha chemokine (CXC)
i. e., CXCL8 - beta chemokine (CC)
- adjacent cysteines
- CCL3
Gamma/C chemokines (XCL1)
CXXXC chemokines
cleaved from cell surface
CX3CL1 is the only one
Other cytokines: IFN, IL, TNF
Alpha chemokine
- one a.a. between the first two conserved cysteine residues
- nomenclature CXCL8
What chemokine is targeted more to neutrophils than other immune cells?
CXC or alpha chemokine
has an a.a. separating the first two conserved cysteines
What chemokine lacks the first and third cysteins?
Gamma or C chemokine
XCL1
What chemokine tends not to be a chemoattractant to neutrophils?
Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine
What chemokine has their first two conserved cysteins adjacent to each other?
Beta Chemokine or CC chemokine
nomenclature CCL3
What chemokines are chemoattractant to specific lymphocyte subsets?
XCL1
gamma chemokine or C chemokines
what is the only member of their class of chemokine so far?
CX3CL1 is the only member of the CXXC chemokine class.
What is the only example of chemokine that has to be cleaved from the cell surface?
CXXC chemokine, specifically
CX3CL1
Commensal
Gut flora, our microbiome, part of our normal flora
Opportunistic
disease only with weakened immune
Epidemic
large geographic area in naive population
Pandemic
global
Obligate
Viruses lack their own metabolic machinery, thus, they need the hosts’ for vital function
Rather than having a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles, the XXX has what instead of nucleus and what else?
Rather than having a nucleus, bacteria has nucleoids and ribosomes.
True or False: Most bacteria don’t cause disease.
True
-Coccus
Spherical
-Bacillus
Rod shaped
-Spirillum
spiral shape
-Vibrio
Curved rod or comma shaped
Strepto-
chains
Staphylo-
in clusters
Diplo-
Pairs
Gram what stains purple and why?
Gram Positive stains Purple
bc of thick peptidoglycan wall
Which gram bacteria has LPS, lipopolysacchride?
Gram Negative Bacteria
Lysozyme can’t degrade gram negative bacteria
Gram Negative has an outer membrane before the peptidoglycan wall, so the outer membrane protects it.
Has o specific side chains and thin
peptidoglycan layer
Gram Negative
periplasmic Space
Space b/w cell wall and cytoplasmic MEMBRANE for positive. SMALL PERIPLASMIC SPACE in gram positive
For negative, space b/w the outer and inner membrane
Acid fast stain
Mycobacteria and Nocardia
Acid works well with
bacteria with fatty acid, waxes, lipids, mycolic acid
Steps for Acid fast stain
stain everything carbofulshin red
HCL decolorize everything except acid fast bacteria
Methylene blue stains non-acid fast bacteria blue
Bactria are classified by four properties
- shapes
- stains
- need oxygen or not
- their metabolism, antibiotic susceptibility
Fungi eurkaryotic or prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Bacteria are prokaryotes
Fungi ergocholesterol or cholesterol
ergocholesterol
Molds are - cellular and yeast are -cellular. Molds have chicken legs and reproduce either xx or xx and yeast reproduce by xx/xx
Molds are MULTIcellular and yeast are UNIcellular. Molds have hyphae and can reproduce asexual or sexually. Yeast reproduce by budding/fission
Hyphae
Molds
Opportunistic mycoses
weakened immune system causes commensual fungi to affect the individual
Which is asymptomatic? superficial mycoses cutaneous mycoses SQ mycoses endemic/systemic mycoses
superficial mycoses
Which mycoses affects the cornea, uscle, CT, deeper layers of skin?
SQ mycoses
keratin containg hair, nail, skin symptomatic
Cutaneous mycoses
Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells
Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC
SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC
Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl
Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi
Superficial mycoses: cosmetic/non-destructive, hair shaft/superficial skin cells
Cutaneous mycoses: keratin containing hair, nails, skin, SYMPTOMATIC
SQ mycoeses: deeper layer of skin, cornea, muscle, CT, local but SYMPTOMATIC
Endemic/Systemic: ex lung with dissemination to other organs in immunedeficent ppl
Opportunisti mycoses: immune deficient, commensual fugi
Trophozoite
activated, feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa
Schizogomy
multiple fission followed by separation
Conjugation
two haploid protozoa fuse to create zygote
Locomotion
Protozoa
pseudopodia cell extension that flow in direction travelled
cilia
flagella
Flagella vs Cilia
Flagella fewer, longer, more whiplike
Parasite
eukaryotic protozoa
eukaryotic stramenopila
eukaryotic metazoa
eukaryotic protoza parasites are single celled
eukaryotic stramenopila parasites are single celled
eukaryotic metazoa parasites are multicellular
Transmission of virus from animal reservoirs
are called zoonoses
Dead gram negative bacteria secrete
dead gram negative bacteria secrete endotoxins
Exotoxins Vs Endotoxins
Endotoxins are from gram negative bacteria LPS systemic
Exotoxins are from gram positive bacteria
What creates a biofilm with what?
Fungi creates a biofilm with bacteria
Are megakaryocytes considered to be leukocytes?
No
Myeloid stem cells give rise to what to turns to what that eventually turns into rbc?
Myeloid stem cell > proerthryocyte > reticulocyte > erythrocyte
