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Immune > Cells in our blood > Flashcards

Cells in our blood Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes RBC ascendants

A

Pluripotent Hematopoetic stem cell > myeloid stem cell > PROerthryocytes >reticulocytes > rbc

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2
Q

B cells are born in the XX and mature in the XX

A

B cells are born in the BONE MARROW and mature in the BONE MARROW

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3
Q

T cells are born in the XX and mature in the XX

A

T cells are born in the BONE MARROW and mature in the THYMUS

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4
Q

Where do naive adaptive lymphocytes reside?

A

Naive T cell and B cells await in LYMPH NODES for APC to present an antigen to them so they can re-enter circulation and tissue organs in search of the pathogen.

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5
Q

Lymphatics drain lymph fluid (extraceullar fluid) from tissues to WHAT lymphoids to WHAT which empties to the WHAT?

A

lymph fluid drains from tissues into the PERIPHERAL lymphoids and SUB-THORACIC DUCT which empties into the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN Vein

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6
Q

the sub thoracic duct empties into the WHAT?

A

lymphatics

the sub thoracic duct empties into the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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7
Q

Lymphatic route brings antigens from tissues to WHAT and gives what back to circulation

A

lymphatic route brings antigens from tissues to LN and gives LYMPHOCYTES back to circulation

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8
Q

Tissue or environmental cues govern the type of macrophages and MAST cells tha monocytes and mast cell differentiate into

A

Tissue or environmental cues govern the type of macrophages and MAST cells tha monocytes and mast cell differentiate into

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9
Q

What leaves the circulation to different into specific types of macrophages and dendritic cells specific to their tissues?

A

Monocytes

They’re called monocyte when in circulation

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10
Q

PMNs what are they?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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11
Q

What is polynuclear with 3-5 lobes, phagocytic, and has the largest number (as wbc) in the blood stream?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

Neutrophils contains what and hydrolytic enzyme that destroys bacteria via phagocytosis?

A

Defensins

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13
Q

Neutrophil extracellular traps please explain?

A

Extruded meshes of chromatin associated with antimicrobial granule proteins

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14
Q

Neutrophil primarily fight off what kind of infection?

A

Bacterial infections

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15
Q

If you see pus, what’s one type of cells you can see?

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Describe appearance of Neutrophils?

A

polynuclear
3-5 lobs connected by thin strand

small numerous LILAC colored granules

chromatin is CONDENSED

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17
Q

What stains reddish orange?

A

Eosinophil

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18
Q

Does eosinophil have acidic/basic components?

A

Eosinophil have BASIC components

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19
Q

Why does Eosinophil readily absorb EOSIN an ACIDIC REDDISH dye?

A

Eosinophil have basic componets which means positive charge and readily takes up negative charged EOSIN dye

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20
Q

What is Major basic protein?

A

allow EOSINophils to bind to parasites surface CARBOHYDRATES, and disrupt its plasma membrane

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21
Q

Eosinophil primarily fights off what infection?

A

Parasites
Parasite coated with AB
Protozoa, and parasitic worms

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22
Q

Eosinophil is involved in what inflmmatory process which are also like what other leukocyte?

A

allergic reaction and also are like Basophils

Eosinophils also secrete histamines

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23
Q

How do you tell the difference between Eosinophils and Basophils?

A

Both are bilobular but Eosin stains REDDISH with REDDISH ORANGE granules and Basophils stain BLUEISH and have DARK PURPLE granules.

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24
Q

How do you tell the difference between Eosinophils and Basophils?

A

Both are bilobular but Eosin stains REDDISH with REDDISH ORANGE granules and Basophils stain BLUEISH and have DARK PURPLE granules.

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25
Q

Basophil has what type of cell border?

A

Basophils have a smooth cell border

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26
Q

Can you clearly see Basophils bilobed nucleus?

A

No, bc heavy dense dark purple granules obscure it

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27
Q

Basophils are important in what inflammatory process?

A

Allergic reactions

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28
Q

Basophils are abundant in what?

A

Histamines

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29
Q

Why does Basophils readily take up HEMATOXYLIN?

A

Basophils readily take up BASIC POSITIVE dyes, because it itself is ACIDIC.

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30
Q

Basophils are stained by what blue dye?

A

HEMATOXYLIN

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31
Q

Basophils degranulate from what stimulation of what two complement fragments?

A

C3a and C5a

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32
Q

How do you tell the difference between Mast Cells and Basophils?

A

Mast cells are LARGER than basophils
Mast Cells are OVAL and not round like basophils
Mast cells contain A LOT MORE GRANULES than basophils and so much so that the GRANULES obscures BOTH THE NUCLEUS and CYTOPLASMIC Border
cell border appears BUMPY

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33
Q

Who has bumpy cell border? Basophil or Mast Cells

A

Mast Cells

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34
Q

Who is larger basophils or mast cells?

A

Mast cells

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35
Q

Which cell is round and which is oval shape for mast cells and basophils.

A

Basophils are ROUNDER

Master cells are MORE OVAL

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36
Q

Which cell has bumpy border for basophils and mast cells?

A

Mast Cells

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37
Q

Which cell has smooth cell border for basophils and mast cells?

A

Basophils

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38
Q

Which cell has granules that obscure both the nucleus and cytoplasmic border?

A

Mast Cells

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39
Q

List the difference between Mast Cell and Basophils?

A

Mast Cells are LARGER
Mast Cells have a bumpy border
Mast Cells has much more granules than basophils so much so they obscure both nucleus and cytoplasmic border
Mast cells are OVAL not round

Basophils are rounder
Bilobed PMN leukocyte
Clear cell border
Granules obscure only the nucleus

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40
Q

T/F Macrophage nucleus lacks lobes

A

True

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41
Q

Do macrophages have granules in cytoplasm

A

yes but very few

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42
Q

Mast cells are functionally similar to basophils T/F

A

True

allergic rxn, inflammation

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43
Q

What’s a key difference b/w basophils and mast cells in terms of their residence?

A

Basophils are in CIRCULATION

Mast cells are found in TISSUES, OUTSIDE of BLOOD STREAM

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44
Q

Where can you find Mast Cells?

A

In Tissues, are often associate with BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES or FOUND close to surfaces that interface with external environment like SKIN and MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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45
Q

On a histology slide what environmental clues can tell whether that cell is a mast cell?

A

Mast cells are frequently found in TISSUE and closely to BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES or close to the surface like SKIN and MUCOUS membranes

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46
Q

If you see a cell that looks either like a basophil or mast cells but you also see rbc in the surrounding which cell is more likely?

A

Basophil since they are in circulation and Mast cells are found more likely in tissues

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47
Q

A cell is very large, OVAL shaped, and has bumpy border and nucleus and cytoplasmic border is obscured and stain bluish pruple with LOTS of granules? what is it?

A

Mast Cell

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48
Q

A cell has a smooth border, nucleus is obscured by granules, is round, and readily takes up Hematoxylin blue stain. What cell is it?

A

Basophil

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49
Q

T/F Mast cells are leukocytes?

A

True

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50
Q

What is the largest WBC?

A

Macrophages

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51
Q

Are macrophages polynuclear?

A

NO polylobed nucleus.

Nucleus LACKS LOBES

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52
Q

What cells that are referred to as dendritic and mast cells after leaving circualtion?

A

Monocytes

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53
Q

T/F Macorphages and Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells?

A

True

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54
Q

T/F Macrophages and DC bridge b/w the innate and the adaptive immunity?

A

True

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55
Q

T/F Macrophages develop characteristic specific to the particular tissue

A

True

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56
Q

T/F Macrophages reside in body tissue for a long time

A

True

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57
Q

On histo, you see a very large cell that lacks granules and doesn’t have a multi lobed nucleus, the cell is several times larger than rbc what is it?

A

Monocyte (Macrophage if in tissue)

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58
Q

You see starfish looking cell what could it be?

A

Dendritic cell

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59
Q

When Macrophages and Dendritic cells encounter an antigen where do they take it to and who do they show it to?

A

They got to LYMPH NODES and show it to the T cell.

They also go to lymph nodes because their CCR7 are attracted to the CCL21 ligands expressed in high levels in the LYMPH NODE

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60
Q

Naive T cells are home to and localized w/in the what?

A

Lymph Node

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61
Q

T/F dendritic and macrophages also express CCR7?

A

True, their CCR7 are stimulated by antigens and they leave tissues and go to LYMPH NODES because
they are drawn to the CCL21 expressed in LYMPH NODES

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62
Q

Where do naive T cells reside?

A

Lymph nodes

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63
Q

Activated effector T cell down regulate what?

A

Down regulate CCR7 and leave the lymph nodes because they aren’t retained there by CCL21

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64
Q

CCL21

A

Expressed in high amounts in lymph nodes

CC or Beta chemokine

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65
Q

CCL21 is what type of chemokine?

A

CC or beta chemokine

66
Q

CCL21 are highly expressed in where?

A

The lymph node

67
Q

The corresponding receptor to CCL21?

A

CCR7 found on dendritic and macrophages and also on NAIVE T cells

68
Q

Are natural killer cells lymphocytes?

A

Yes

69
Q

Which immunity do NK cells belong to ?

A

Innate

70
Q

Heterochromatin vs euchromatin

A

Heterochromatin is CONDENSED

Euchromatin is available for transcription LOOSE

71
Q

Which is the loose chromatin? Heterochromatin or euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin

72
Q

Which stains darker and more dense? Euchromatin or Heterochromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

73
Q

Which is unavilable for replication or transcription? Euchromatin or Heterochromatin?

A

Heterochromatin

74
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

75
Q

Which cell produces platelets ?

A

Megakaryocyte

76
Q

Which lymphocytes are larger and which are smaller?

A

Nk cells LARGER

b/t cells are SMALLER

77
Q

Cellular fragments surrounded by plasma membrane and contain GRANULES?

A

Platelets

78
Q

T/F Platelets contain granules

A

True

79
Q

Flatten BICONCAVE disk

A

RBC

80
Q

Stains PALE RED and has biconcave disk

A

RBC

81
Q

where can you find megakaryocytes?

A

In the red BONE MARROW, they shed platelets into circulation

82
Q

Originate in bone marrow but secondary production in lymphatic tissue

A

Lymphocytes

83
Q

Lifespan of RBC

A

120 days

84
Q

How do you tell b/w a monocyte and lymphocyte in blood?

A

Monocyte has cytoplasmic BLEBBING

Monocytes have GRAINY GRITTY texture in their BLUE cytoplasm

Monocytes have FINE RED, PINK, PURPLE cytoplasmic GRANULES

MONOCYTES are BIGGER

Monocytes have IRREGULAR Nuclear Shape

Monocytes have KIDNEY BEAN SHAPED nucleus or horsehoe, eccentrically placed

85
Q

You see a very large cell in the blood with cytoplasmic blebbing, the cytoplasm isn’t clear has a grainy gritty texture, the granules are red, pinkish, and it has a irregular kidney bean shaped nucleus eccentrically placed in the cell? Monocyte or lymphocyte?

A

Monocyte

86
Q

You see a cell with more regular cyoplasmic border, it is bigger than rbc but not dramatically so, the cell is high definition, has sharp lines, and good contrast, there is no kidney bean shaped nucleus, the nucleus i regular and the chromatin is DENSER more clumped. Monocyte or lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte

87
Q

Who’s cytoplasm has a grainy gritty texture, low contrast, has pinkish red granules?

A

Monocyte

88
Q

Who’s nucleus is kidney bean shaped and eccentrically placed?

A

Monocyte

89
Q

The cell like either a monocyte and lymphocyte but see that the nucleus takes up alot of the cell’s room and that there not much cytoplasm to be seen and the nucleus is regularly shaped

A

Lymphocyte

lymphocyte NUCLEUS ENGULFS the MAJORITY of the cell’s space so have very LITTLE CYTOPLASM to be seen

90
Q

List some examples of PAMP

A

LPS

Peptidoglycan thicker in gram positive

91
Q

DAMP some examples

A 
ATP in extraceullar spaces
Phsophatidyl serine (PS) extraceullarly
92
Q

Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is noramlly shown extracelluarly or intraceullarly?

A

Phosphatidyl Serine is shown intraceullarly unles the cells is apoptosing thin phosphatidy serine is expressed outside for innate cells to see

93
Q

PHosphatidyl show inra/extra is a DAMP

A

Extraceullarly

94
Q

Naive lymphocytes leave what to enter what?

A

Naive lymphocytes leave BLOOD to enter LYMPH NODES

95
Q

Antigen is taken by APC cells to where via what?

A

APC takes antigen to LYMPH NODE via LYMPHATICS

96
Q

Lymphocytes return where via the WHAT

A

lymphocytes return to BLOOD via the THORACIC DUCT

97
Q

lymphocytes > lymphoblast > effector B cell or Effector T cell

A

lymphocytes> lymphoblast > effector T/B cells

98
Q

Two prongs of BCR are what sites and connected by a stalk called?

A

Fab- two prongs, bind antigen

Fc- connecting stalk

99
Q

Antibody functions

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
complement activation

100
Q

Neutralization

A

Ab prevent bacterial adherence to cells

101
Q

Opsonization

A

ab promotes phagocytosis

102
Q

Complement Activation

A

ab activates complement which enhances opsonization and lyses some bacteria

103
Q

Complement Activation

A

Ab activates complements
complements opsonize bacteria
complement also lyses some bacteria MAC

104
Q

B cells present antigen captured by their BCRs to what cells which give them the CYTOKINES needed for their differentiation into full fledged ab producers?

A

CD 4 HELPER T cells

105
Q

T/F Plasma cells are permanently differentiated efficent ab production factories derived from b cells

A

TRUE

106
Q

MHC Class II are only found on certain types of cells

A

APC macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, B cells and T cells

107
Q

MHC Class I are found where?

A

On every NUCLEATED cells, and also paltelets but NOT RBC

108
Q

CD40 are associated with which MHC class

A

MHC II

liagands are on the TH1 and TH2 cells

109
Q

MHC I are found where

A

every nucleated cell and with also the paletlets but not RBC

110
Q

Cd8 interacts with virus infected cell with its what ligand and cytoxins

A

Fas ligand

111
Q

Can T cells recognize free antigen?

A

No

112
Q

List some APC cells

A 
MHC II
b cells 
macrophages
dendritic cells
endothelial cells 
T cells
113
Q

Does adaptive immunity require innate immunity?

A

Yes

Antigen Presenting Cells are the bridges b/w the two

114
Q

Parenchymal cells

A

cells that perform the organ’s function

115
Q

Stromal Cells

A

connective tissue of any organ

116
Q

Most common stromal cells

A

Fibroblasts and pericytes

117
Q

Pericytes

A

cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules

located at BASEMENT MEMBRANE
to communicate effectively

118
Q

Which part of the thymus does positive selection occur

A

Positive selection happens at the thymus CORTEX

119
Q

Where does positive selection occur

A

at the THYMUS CORTEX

120
Q

What question is asked at Positive Selection?

A

Can the T cell recognize MHCI via CD8/MHCII via CD4

Does the T cell recognize MHCs

don’t care if the epithelial reticular cells are expressing self antigens

121
Q

If the T cells is yes for positive selection what happens?

A

cells receives supprotive signals, cytokines, and expresses either CD4 or CD8 but not both

122
Q

Where does negative selection occur?

A

at the THYMUS MEDULLA

123
Q

What question is asked at negative selection?

A

Can T cell recognize self antigens on host with high affinity?

124
Q

What happens if T cells answer yes to negative selection?

A

since it recognizes self antigens it need to die

125
Q

What happens if T cells don’t recognize self antigens at negative selection?

A

T cells survives and leaves thymus via high endothealila venules

126
Q

HEV

A

High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized post-capillary venous swellings characterized by plump CUBOIDAL endothelial cells as opposed to the usual thinner endothelial cells found in regular venules. HEVs enable lymphocytes circulating in the blood to directly enter a lymph node (by crossing through the HEV).

127
Q

What cells are needed for lymphocytes in blood to enter a lymph node

A

High Endothelial venules

128
Q

Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome I what is it?

A

invovlves AIRE gene

if AIRE protein isn’t functioning, T cells that react to SELF ANTIGENS can escape into circualtion

129
Q

Where does Thymus’ richness come from

A

High NUCLEIC ACID content from DENSLY packed lymphocyte

130
Q

Thymus high what content so its stained densly, deep what color from the densly packed what?

A

HIGH NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT

STAINED DEEP PURPLE

from DENSLY PACKED LYMPHOCYTES

131
Q

What happens to thymus as a person ages?

A

thymus undergoes INVOLUTION gets smaller, because T CELL OUTPUT DECREASES (doesn’t stop) leading to LARGER MEDULLARY compartment and MORE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

132
Q

Which thymus compartment get bigger with age?

A

Medullary compartment

133
Q

What also increases in thymus with age

A

Connective tissues, more connective tissue

134
Q

What thymus compartment is bigger in newborns?

A

Thymus cortex

135
Q

Dendritic cells can be found in what thymus compartment and assists in what selection?

A

DC found in MEDULLARY compartment and assist in NEGATIVE selection

136
Q

Where can you find ONION SKIN-LIke HAssal’s corpuscles

A

MEDULLARY IN THE THYMUS MEDULLARY

137
Q

Where can you find larger, more numerous epithelial cells (stains pink) vs densly pack thymocytes which are deep purple and scary looking?

A

MEDULLARY THYMUS

138
Q

You see a structure in the thymus thats deep purple and are crowded with deep purple cells? Where are you and what are those cells

A

THYMOCYTES in CORTEX of thymus

139
Q

you see some pink areas along that look to be epithelial cells in the thymus where are you?

A

Medullary Cortex

140
Q

Resident stromal cells of the thymus?

A 
Thymic epithelium 
assists in thymocyte selection
mesenchyme stormal cells taht provide structural support
CT tissue smooth muscle
endothelium HEV pericytes
141
Q

Where does hematopoiesis start in the conceptus two places?

A

YOLK SAC and FETAL LIVER

spleen kinda but less important in adults except under certain pathlogical conditions

142
Q

you are in a place where you see a lot of droplets of fat but alot of other diverse cells of different sizes developing, heterogenity in sizes, you deduce that these are immune cells of all sorts where are you?

A

BONE MARROW

143
Q

Primary Lymphoid TIssues

A

THymus and BOne Marrow

144
Q

T/F Spleen has no vents

A

True

145
Q

Lymphoid is what pulp and erythroid/myeloid is what pulp.

A

Lymphoid is white pulp and myeoloid is red pulp

146
Q

Lymphoid

A

White pulp in spleen

147
Q

Erythretoid

A

Red pulp in spleen

148
Q

Myeloid

A

Red pulp in SPLEEN

149
Q

Which pulp has iron taste

A

Red pulp full of red blood cells

150
Q

Which pulp and structure specifically provides filtering function for blood?

A

Red pulp SINUSOIDS

accumulates pigements from senescent red cells

151
Q

Explain spleonomegaly

A

large spleen

152
Q

Why does spleonomegaly occur

A

Large spleen occurs in HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA since red pulp sinusoids filter blood and accmulates pigments from senscent rbc

153
Q

Spleen has open or closed circulation

A

open

154
Q

Part of arterial circulation empties into the what of spleen

A

parenchyma

155
Q

You are in spleen and you see a central arteriole surrounded by densly packe dlymphocytes (mostly T lymph) and this unit is Peri arteriolar Lymphatic sheath (PALS) which pulp are you in btw its bluish pruple, deep periwrinkle color

A

White pulp of Spleen

156
Q

What are found next to PALS

A

B cell follicles and germinal centers

  • sometimes CA pushed off to the side due to expansion of B cells in germinal centers
157
Q

Why are the cells in GC not as densely colored as other cells?

A

B cells are rapidly dividing so you see lighter colored EUCHROMATIN and not condensed heterochromatin

158
Q

Neutrophils do a handshake with what ?

A

Platelets

159
Q

In the platelets LTA4 from neutrophils turns into what two?

A

Lipoxin via 1,2 lipoxygenase and LTC4 (via LTC4 synthease)

160
Q

Which classes use GPCRs?

A

Prostaglandins and Chemokines

161
Q

Which classes use Jak/stat?

A

Cytokines

Immune (6 decks)

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