Cells in our blood Flashcards
Erythrocytes RBC ascendants
Pluripotent Hematopoetic stem cell > myeloid stem cell > PROerthryocytes >reticulocytes > rbc
B cells are born in the XX and mature in the XX
B cells are born in the BONE MARROW and mature in the BONE MARROW
T cells are born in the XX and mature in the XX
T cells are born in the BONE MARROW and mature in the THYMUS
Where do naive adaptive lymphocytes reside?
Naive T cell and B cells await in LYMPH NODES for APC to present an antigen to them so they can re-enter circulation and tissue organs in search of the pathogen.
Lymphatics drain lymph fluid (extraceullar fluid) from tissues to WHAT lymphoids to WHAT which empties to the WHAT?
lymph fluid drains from tissues into the PERIPHERAL lymphoids and SUB-THORACIC DUCT which empties into the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN Vein
the sub thoracic duct empties into the WHAT?
lymphatics
the sub thoracic duct empties into the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
Lymphatic route brings antigens from tissues to WHAT and gives what back to circulation
lymphatic route brings antigens from tissues to LN and gives LYMPHOCYTES back to circulation
Tissue or environmental cues govern the type of macrophages and MAST cells tha monocytes and mast cell differentiate into
Tissue or environmental cues govern the type of macrophages and MAST cells tha monocytes and mast cell differentiate into
What leaves the circulation to different into specific types of macrophages and dendritic cells specific to their tissues?
Monocytes
They’re called monocyte when in circulation
PMNs what are they?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
What is polynuclear with 3-5 lobes, phagocytic, and has the largest number (as wbc) in the blood stream?
Neutrophils
Neutrophils contains what and hydrolytic enzyme that destroys bacteria via phagocytosis?
Defensins
Neutrophil extracellular traps please explain?
Extruded meshes of chromatin associated with antimicrobial granule proteins
Neutrophil primarily fight off what kind of infection?
Bacterial infections
If you see pus, what’s one type of cells you can see?
Neutrophils
Describe appearance of Neutrophils?
polynuclear
3-5 lobs connected by thin strand
small numerous LILAC colored granules
chromatin is CONDENSED
What stains reddish orange?
Eosinophil
Does eosinophil have acidic/basic components?
Eosinophil have BASIC components
Why does Eosinophil readily absorb EOSIN an ACIDIC REDDISH dye?
Eosinophil have basic componets which means positive charge and readily takes up negative charged EOSIN dye
What is Major basic protein?
allow EOSINophils to bind to parasites surface CARBOHYDRATES, and disrupt its plasma membrane
Eosinophil primarily fights off what infection?
Parasites
Parasite coated with AB
Protozoa, and parasitic worms
Eosinophil is involved in what inflmmatory process which are also like what other leukocyte?
allergic reaction and also are like Basophils
Eosinophils also secrete histamines
How do you tell the difference between Eosinophils and Basophils?
Both are bilobular but Eosin stains REDDISH with REDDISH ORANGE granules and Basophils stain BLUEISH and have DARK PURPLE granules.
How do you tell the difference between Eosinophils and Basophils?
Both are bilobular but Eosin stains REDDISH with REDDISH ORANGE granules and Basophils stain BLUEISH and have DARK PURPLE granules.
Basophil has what type of cell border?
Basophils have a smooth cell border
Can you clearly see Basophils bilobed nucleus?
No, bc heavy dense dark purple granules obscure it
Basophils are important in what inflammatory process?
Allergic reactions
Basophils are abundant in what?
Histamines
Why does Basophils readily take up HEMATOXYLIN?
Basophils readily take up BASIC POSITIVE dyes, because it itself is ACIDIC.
Basophils are stained by what blue dye?
HEMATOXYLIN
Basophils degranulate from what stimulation of what two complement fragments?
C3a and C5a
How do you tell the difference between Mast Cells and Basophils?
Mast cells are LARGER than basophils
Mast Cells are OVAL and not round like basophils
Mast cells contain A LOT MORE GRANULES than basophils and so much so that the GRANULES obscures BOTH THE NUCLEUS and CYTOPLASMIC Border
cell border appears BUMPY
Who has bumpy cell border? Basophil or Mast Cells
Mast Cells
Who is larger basophils or mast cells?
Mast cells
Which cell is round and which is oval shape for mast cells and basophils.
Basophils are ROUNDER
Master cells are MORE OVAL
Which cell has bumpy border for basophils and mast cells?
Mast Cells
Which cell has smooth cell border for basophils and mast cells?
Basophils
Which cell has granules that obscure both the nucleus and cytoplasmic border?
Mast Cells
List the difference between Mast Cell and Basophils?
Mast Cells are LARGER
Mast Cells have a bumpy border
Mast Cells has much more granules than basophils so much so they obscure both nucleus and cytoplasmic border
Mast cells are OVAL not round
Basophils are rounder
Bilobed PMN leukocyte
Clear cell border
Granules obscure only the nucleus
T/F Macrophage nucleus lacks lobes
True
Do macrophages have granules in cytoplasm
yes but very few
Mast cells are functionally similar to basophils T/F
True
allergic rxn, inflammation
What’s a key difference b/w basophils and mast cells in terms of their residence?
Basophils are in CIRCULATION
Mast cells are found in TISSUES, OUTSIDE of BLOOD STREAM
Where can you find Mast Cells?
In Tissues, are often associate with BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES or FOUND close to surfaces that interface with external environment like SKIN and MUCOUS MEMBRANES
On a histology slide what environmental clues can tell whether that cell is a mast cell?
Mast cells are frequently found in TISSUE and closely to BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES or close to the surface like SKIN and MUCOUS membranes
If you see a cell that looks either like a basophil or mast cells but you also see rbc in the surrounding which cell is more likely?
Basophil since they are in circulation and Mast cells are found more likely in tissues
A cell is very large, OVAL shaped, and has bumpy border and nucleus and cytoplasmic border is obscured and stain bluish pruple with LOTS of granules? what is it?
Mast Cell
A cell has a smooth border, nucleus is obscured by granules, is round, and readily takes up Hematoxylin blue stain. What cell is it?
Basophil
T/F Mast cells are leukocytes?
True
What is the largest WBC?
Macrophages
Are macrophages polynuclear?
NO polylobed nucleus.
Nucleus LACKS LOBES
What cells that are referred to as dendritic and mast cells after leaving circualtion?
Monocytes
T/F Macorphages and Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells?
True
T/F Macrophages and DC bridge b/w the innate and the adaptive immunity?
True
T/F Macrophages develop characteristic specific to the particular tissue
True
T/F Macrophages reside in body tissue for a long time
True
On histo, you see a very large cell that lacks granules and doesn’t have a multi lobed nucleus, the cell is several times larger than rbc what is it?
Monocyte (Macrophage if in tissue)
You see starfish looking cell what could it be?
Dendritic cell
When Macrophages and Dendritic cells encounter an antigen where do they take it to and who do they show it to?
They got to LYMPH NODES and show it to the T cell.
They also go to lymph nodes because their CCR7 are attracted to the CCL21 ligands expressed in high levels in the LYMPH NODE
Naive T cells are home to and localized w/in the what?
Lymph Node
T/F dendritic and macrophages also express CCR7?
True, their CCR7 are stimulated by antigens and they leave tissues and go to LYMPH NODES because
they are drawn to the CCL21 expressed in LYMPH NODES
Where do naive T cells reside?
Lymph nodes
Activated effector T cell down regulate what?
Down regulate CCR7 and leave the lymph nodes because they aren’t retained there by CCL21
CCL21
Expressed in high amounts in lymph nodes
CC or Beta chemokine
CCL21 is what type of chemokine?
CC or beta chemokine
CCL21 are highly expressed in where?
The lymph node
The corresponding receptor to CCL21?
CCR7 found on dendritic and macrophages and also on NAIVE T cells
Are natural killer cells lymphocytes?
Yes
Which immunity do NK cells belong to ?
Innate
Heterochromatin vs euchromatin
Heterochromatin is CONDENSED
Euchromatin is available for transcription LOOSE
Which is the loose chromatin? Heterochromatin or euchromatin?
Euchromatin
Which stains darker and more dense? Euchromatin or Heterochromatin?
Heterochromatin
Which is unavilable for replication or transcription? Euchromatin or Heterochromatin?
Heterochromatin
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
Which cell produces platelets ?
Megakaryocyte
Which lymphocytes are larger and which are smaller?
Nk cells LARGER
b/t cells are SMALLER
Cellular fragments surrounded by plasma membrane and contain GRANULES?
Platelets
T/F Platelets contain granules
True
Flatten BICONCAVE disk
RBC
Stains PALE RED and has biconcave disk
RBC
where can you find megakaryocytes?
In the red BONE MARROW, they shed platelets into circulation
Originate in bone marrow but secondary production in lymphatic tissue
Lymphocytes
Lifespan of RBC
120 days
How do you tell b/w a monocyte and lymphocyte in blood?
Monocyte has cytoplasmic BLEBBING
Monocytes have GRAINY GRITTY texture in their BLUE cytoplasm
Monocytes have FINE RED, PINK, PURPLE cytoplasmic GRANULES
MONOCYTES are BIGGER
Monocytes have IRREGULAR Nuclear Shape
Monocytes have KIDNEY BEAN SHAPED nucleus or horsehoe, eccentrically placed
You see a very large cell in the blood with cytoplasmic blebbing, the cytoplasm isn’t clear has a grainy gritty texture, the granules are red, pinkish, and it has a irregular kidney bean shaped nucleus eccentrically placed in the cell? Monocyte or lymphocyte?
Monocyte
You see a cell with more regular cyoplasmic border, it is bigger than rbc but not dramatically so, the cell is high definition, has sharp lines, and good contrast, there is no kidney bean shaped nucleus, the nucleus i regular and the chromatin is DENSER more clumped. Monocyte or lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
Who’s cytoplasm has a grainy gritty texture, low contrast, has pinkish red granules?
Monocyte
Who’s nucleus is kidney bean shaped and eccentrically placed?
Monocyte
The cell like either a monocyte and lymphocyte but see that the nucleus takes up alot of the cell’s room and that there not much cytoplasm to be seen and the nucleus is regularly shaped
Lymphocyte
lymphocyte NUCLEUS ENGULFS the MAJORITY of the cell’s space so have very LITTLE CYTOPLASM to be seen
List some examples of PAMP
LPS
Peptidoglycan thicker in gram positive
DAMP some examples
ATP in extraceullar spaces Phsophatidyl serine (PS) extraceullarly
Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is noramlly shown extracelluarly or intraceullarly?
Phosphatidyl Serine is shown intraceullarly unles the cells is apoptosing thin phosphatidy serine is expressed outside for innate cells to see
PHosphatidyl show inra/extra is a DAMP
Extraceullarly
Naive lymphocytes leave what to enter what?
Naive lymphocytes leave BLOOD to enter LYMPH NODES
Antigen is taken by APC cells to where via what?
APC takes antigen to LYMPH NODE via LYMPHATICS
Lymphocytes return where via the WHAT
lymphocytes return to BLOOD via the THORACIC DUCT
lymphocytes > lymphoblast > effector B cell or Effector T cell
lymphocytes> lymphoblast > effector T/B cells
Two prongs of BCR are what sites and connected by a stalk called?
Fab- two prongs, bind antigen
Fc- connecting stalk
Antibody functions
Neutralization
Opsonization
complement activation
Neutralization
Ab prevent bacterial adherence to cells
Opsonization
ab promotes phagocytosis
Complement Activation
ab activates complement which enhances opsonization and lyses some bacteria
Complement Activation
Ab activates complements
complements opsonize bacteria
complement also lyses some bacteria MAC
B cells present antigen captured by their BCRs to what cells which give them the CYTOKINES needed for their differentiation into full fledged ab producers?
CD 4 HELPER T cells
T/F Plasma cells are permanently differentiated efficent ab production factories derived from b cells
TRUE
MHC Class II are only found on certain types of cells
APC macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, B cells and T cells
MHC Class I are found where?
On every NUCLEATED cells, and also paltelets but NOT RBC
CD40 are associated with which MHC class
MHC II
liagands are on the TH1 and TH2 cells
MHC I are found where
every nucleated cell and with also the paletlets but not RBC
Cd8 interacts with virus infected cell with its what ligand and cytoxins
Fas ligand
Can T cells recognize free antigen?
No
List some APC cells
MHC II b cells macrophages dendritic cells endothelial cells T cells
Does adaptive immunity require innate immunity?
Yes
Antigen Presenting Cells are the bridges b/w the two
Parenchymal cells
cells that perform the organ’s function
Stromal Cells
connective tissue of any organ
Most common stromal cells
Fibroblasts and pericytes
Pericytes
cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules
located at BASEMENT MEMBRANE
to communicate effectively
Which part of the thymus does positive selection occur
Positive selection happens at the thymus CORTEX
Where does positive selection occur
at the THYMUS CORTEX
What question is asked at Positive Selection?
Can the T cell recognize MHCI via CD8/MHCII via CD4
Does the T cell recognize MHCs
don’t care if the epithelial reticular cells are expressing self antigens
If the T cells is yes for positive selection what happens?
cells receives supprotive signals, cytokines, and expresses either CD4 or CD8 but not both
Where does negative selection occur?
at the THYMUS MEDULLA
What question is asked at negative selection?
Can T cell recognize self antigens on host with high affinity?
What happens if T cells answer yes to negative selection?
since it recognizes self antigens it need to die
What happens if T cells don’t recognize self antigens at negative selection?
T cells survives and leaves thymus via high endothealila venules
HEV
High endothelial venules (HEV) are specialized post-capillary venous swellings characterized by plump CUBOIDAL endothelial cells as opposed to the usual thinner endothelial cells found in regular venules. HEVs enable lymphocytes circulating in the blood to directly enter a lymph node (by crossing through the HEV).
What cells are needed for lymphocytes in blood to enter a lymph node
High Endothelial venules
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome I what is it?
invovlves AIRE gene
if AIRE protein isn’t functioning, T cells that react to SELF ANTIGENS can escape into circualtion
Where does Thymus’ richness come from
High NUCLEIC ACID content from DENSLY packed lymphocyte
Thymus high what content so its stained densly, deep what color from the densly packed what?
HIGH NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT
STAINED DEEP PURPLE
from DENSLY PACKED LYMPHOCYTES
What happens to thymus as a person ages?
thymus undergoes INVOLUTION gets smaller, because T CELL OUTPUT DECREASES (doesn’t stop) leading to LARGER MEDULLARY compartment and MORE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Which thymus compartment get bigger with age?
Medullary compartment
What also increases in thymus with age
Connective tissues, more connective tissue
What thymus compartment is bigger in newborns?
Thymus cortex
Dendritic cells can be found in what thymus compartment and assists in what selection?
DC found in MEDULLARY compartment and assist in NEGATIVE selection
Where can you find ONION SKIN-LIke HAssal’s corpuscles
MEDULLARY IN THE THYMUS MEDULLARY
Where can you find larger, more numerous epithelial cells (stains pink) vs densly pack thymocytes which are deep purple and scary looking?
MEDULLARY THYMUS
You see a structure in the thymus thats deep purple and are crowded with deep purple cells? Where are you and what are those cells
THYMOCYTES in CORTEX of thymus
you see some pink areas along that look to be epithelial cells in the thymus where are you?
Medullary Cortex
Resident stromal cells of the thymus?
Thymic epithelium assists in thymocyte selection mesenchyme stormal cells taht provide structural support CT tissue smooth muscle endothelium HEV pericytes
Where does hematopoiesis start in the conceptus two places?
YOLK SAC and FETAL LIVER
spleen kinda but less important in adults except under certain pathlogical conditions
you are in a place where you see a lot of droplets of fat but alot of other diverse cells of different sizes developing, heterogenity in sizes, you deduce that these are immune cells of all sorts where are you?
BONE MARROW
Primary Lymphoid TIssues
THymus and BOne Marrow
T/F Spleen has no vents
True
Lymphoid is what pulp and erythroid/myeloid is what pulp.
Lymphoid is white pulp and myeoloid is red pulp
Lymphoid
White pulp in spleen
Erythretoid
Red pulp in spleen
Myeloid
Red pulp in SPLEEN
Which pulp has iron taste
Red pulp full of red blood cells
Which pulp and structure specifically provides filtering function for blood?
Red pulp SINUSOIDS
accumulates pigements from senescent red cells
Explain spleonomegaly
large spleen
Why does spleonomegaly occur
Large spleen occurs in HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA since red pulp sinusoids filter blood and accmulates pigments from senscent rbc
Spleen has open or closed circulation
open
Part of arterial circulation empties into the what of spleen
parenchyma
You are in spleen and you see a central arteriole surrounded by densly packe dlymphocytes (mostly T lymph) and this unit is Peri arteriolar Lymphatic sheath (PALS) which pulp are you in btw its bluish pruple, deep periwrinkle color
White pulp of Spleen
What are found next to PALS
B cell follicles and germinal centers
- sometimes CA pushed off to the side due to expansion of B cells in germinal centers
Why are the cells in GC not as densely colored as other cells?
B cells are rapidly dividing so you see lighter colored EUCHROMATIN and not condensed heterochromatin
Neutrophils do a handshake with what ?
Platelets
In the platelets LTA4 from neutrophils turns into what two?
Lipoxin via 1,2 lipoxygenase and LTC4 (via LTC4 synthease)
Which classes use GPCRs?
Prostaglandins and Chemokines
Which classes use Jak/stat?
Cytokines
