general review Flashcards
what type of cardiovascular drugs end in “-lol”?
beta blockers
what is the parameter for classifying HR at sinus bradycardia?
below 60
what is the parameter for classifying HR as sinus tachycardia?
above 100
what does the “-lol” drug ending mean?
beta blockers
what do beta blockers do?
keeps heart rate low
what do Ca+ channel blockers do?
keep heart from contracting too hard
what do low-pressure receptors do?
they minimize arterial pressure changes
what is the bainbridge reflex?
with increase in arterial pressure, will get an increase in HR and strength of contraction to prevent blood from “backing up” into system
what causes the largest rise in systemic arterial pressure?
the CNS ischemic response
what is the MAP threshold for chronic hypertension?
> 110 mmHg
when is renin released?
when BP drops too low
what is the cascade that happens when renin is released?
decreased arterial pressure –>Renin–>renin substrate–>angiotensin I–>angiotensin II (powerful vasoconstrictor) = retention of salt and water, vasoconstriction
what is an indirect effect of angiotensin?
causes adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone which increases salt/water reabsorption by kidneys
what are the cardinal manifestations for heart failure?
dyspnea, fatigue, fluid retention
what are the three categories of cardiomyopathy?
dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic
what is a dilated cardiomyopathy
ventricles are stretched and enlarged
what is a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
the ventricle walls are thickened
what is restrictive cardiomyopathy?
the ventricle walls stiffen and lose flexibility
does dilated cadiomyopathy increase or decrease LVEDP?
raise
does dilated cadiomyopathy increase or decrease force of muscle contraction?
decrease
is dilated cadiomyopathy concerned with systolic or diastolic?
systolic
does hypertrophic cadiomyopathy increase or decrease LVEDP?
lower
does hypertrophic cadiomyopathy increase or decrease force of muscle contraction?
increase
is hypertrophic cadiomyopathy concerned with systolic or diastolic?
diastolic
systolic dysfunction in HF addresses problems with _______
cardiac output
diastolic dysfunction in HF addresses problems with
getting blood into the heart
what are symptoms of right heart failure?
weight gain, peripheral edema, enlarged liver, jugular venous distention
what are the symptoms of left heart failure?
dyspnea, orthopnea, decreased exercise tolerance
would you expect to hear rales with left or right sided heart failure?
left side
what are some ways the heart compensates for HF?
increase MAP, moderate fluid retention, increase LVEDP, decrease stroke volume, decrease contractility
What is a diagnostic marker of heart failure?
BNP (this inhibits RAAS)
what is the HF triple drug cocktail?
ACE inhibitor, diuretic, beta-blocker
what type of drugs end in “-pines”?
Ca+ channel blockers
what type of drugs end in “-pril”?
ACE inhibitor
what drugs do we use to treat angina?
nitrates, beta blockers, and Ca channel blockers
what 5 drugs should a post-stent patient be on?
aspirin, beta-blocker, ACE-inhibitor, blood thinner, and statin
what is the purpose of a beta-blocker?
reduce blood pressure
what is the purpose of an ACE-inhibitor?
inhibits vasoconstriction (keeps BP down)
what is the purpose of a statin?
reduce LDL
