Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PEDIATRICS EXAM REVISION > GENERAL PEDIATRICS M > Flashcards

GENERAL PEDIATRICS M Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms of cocaine use?

A 
Euphoria
Dilated pupils
Increased motor activity
Tachycardia
Hyperthermia
Hypertension 
May have nasal mucosal changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs and symptoms of PCP (phencyclidine, aka “angel dust”, “wet”, “illy”) use?

A 
Nystagmus 
Ataxia
Hypersalivation
Emotional lability
Altered sensory perception and hallucinations about body image leading to panic and disorientation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two most commonly used drugs in adolescents?

A
  1. Cigarettes
  2. Alcohol

Most common illicit drug: marijuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are clinical features of Trisomy 18 (ie. Edwards Syndrome)?

A 
Rocker bottom feet
Microcephaly
Inguinal hernias
Low set, small ears
Congenital cardiac defects
Clenched hands with overlapping digits
Cleft lip and palate
Micrognathia
Shield chest
Prominent occiput
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are clinical features of Trisomy 13 (ie. Patau Syndrome)?

A 
SGA
Cutis aplasia (skin missing from scalp)
Microcephaly
Polydactyly
Clenched hands with overlapping digits
Microophthalmia
Omphalocele
Holoprosencephaly
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital heart defects
Rocker bottom feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common inherited cause of mental disability?

A

Fragile X syndrome: 1 in 2000 live births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What screening bloodwork can be ordered in a child with FTT and normal vitals and physical examination?

A
  1. CBC - screen for anemia secondary to inadequate nutritional intake
  2. Urinalysis and urine culture - screen for renal tubular acidosis
  3. Serum electrolytes, BUN, Cr
  4. Gas - screen for renal tubular acidosis
    Then tailor the rest of the investigations based on history and physical exam findings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the underlying cause of Fragile X?

A

Expansion of the familial mental retardation gene (FMR1) on the long arm of the X chromosome at q27.3
-once trinucleotide repeat > 200, get Fragile X!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are clinical features of Fragile X syndrome?

A 
Macrocephaly
Macroorchidism after puberty
High arched palate
Large ears
Can have autism!!!
Joint laxity
Dental crowding
Mild to severe mental disability
ADHD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are babies on a goat’s milk diet susceptible to?

A
  1. Megaloblastic anemia (secondary to folate and vitamin B12 deficiency)
  2. Iron deficiency anemia
  3. Brucellosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the clinical features of Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome?

A
  1. Large hemangioma (vascular tumor) anywhere in body
  2. Thrombocytopenia
  3. Consumptive coagulopathy
  4. Hemolytic anemia (secondary to microangiopathic destruction)
  5. Risk of bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two major differential diagnoses for cafe-au-lait spots?

A
  1. Neurofibromatosis type 1

2. McCune Albright syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the clinical features of McCune-Albright Syndrome?

A

THINK BONE AND HYPER-ENDOCRINOPATHY!

  1. Polyostic fibrous dysplasia
  2. Cafe au lait with jagged edge “Coast of Maine” look
  3. Hyperthyroidism
  4. Precocious puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main features of tinea capitis? (5)

A
  1. Scaly alopecia
  2. Blackdots hairs
  3. Posterior cervical adenopathy
  4. Most common cause: Trichophyton tonsurans
  5. Potassium hydroxide test often positive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mode of inheritance of Marfan Syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant

De novo mutation in 1/4 of Marfan’s Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the underlying defect in Marfan syndrome?

A

Defect in fibrillin protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of growth pattern occurs in Marfan Syndrome? (4)

A
  1. Increased linear long bone growth
  2. Taller than predicted based on mid-parental height
  3. Increased growth velocity, occurs 2 years earlier than expected
  4. Decreased muscle mass (weight < 50th percentile)
18
Q

Why is gross motor delay common in Marfan Syndrome patients?

A

Joint laxity

19
Q

Which body systems are affected in Marfan Syndrome? (6)

A
  1. Ocular
  2. Cardiac
  3. Respiratory
  4. GI
  5. MSK
  6. Derm

**No neurological effects

20
Q

What ocular issues occur in Marfan Syndrome?

  • most common?
  • 5 total
A

Most common: 1. myopia (progressive, early onset)

  1. Early cataracts
  2. Glaucoma
  3. Superior ectopia lantis (60% of cases): lens displacement up and out (tell-tale sign of Marfan’s)
  4. Retinal detachment
21
Q

What face and mouth findings do you see in Marfan Syndrome?

A 
Elongated and narrow face
Micrognathia
High arched palate
Dental crowding
Inophthalmos (deep set eyes and downward slanting)
Malar hypoplasia
22
Q

What are possible cardiac abnormalities in Marfan Syndrome? (3)

  • leading cardiac cause of mortality and morbidity?
  • precautions to be instituted?
A
  1. Progressive aortic root dilatation (usually after 18 years of age)
  2. Mitral valve prolapse (leading cause of mortality and morbidity)
  3. Aortic valve insufficiency

Precautions:

  • no strenuous exercise since can lead to increased, irreversible aortic dilatation
  • may need to be started on beta blocker to reduce cardiac output and decrease aortic dilatation
  • ECHO at diagnosis and yearly afterwards
23
Q

What respiratory complications can be seen in Marfan syndrome? (3)

A
  1. Spontaneous pneumothorax due to long thoracic cage
    - cannot use blowing instruments, no scuba diving
  2. OSA due to facial structure
  3. Pectus excavatum (reduced pulmonary reserve)
24
Q

What gastrointestinal complication can be seen in Marfan Syndrome?

A

Increased risk for hernia

25
Q

What MSK complications can be seen in Marfan Syndrome? (6)

A
  1. Chest wall abnormalities: pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum
  2. Scoliosis: progressive and significant
  3. Thoracic kyphosis due to bone overgrowth or behavioural hunching
  4. Pes planus (flat feet)
  5. Protusio acetabulae: deep acetabulum of hips
  6. Dural ectaasia: stretching of dural sac in lumbrosacral region causing nerve entrapment, postural hypotension, low pressure headaches
26
Q

What are two clinical exam findings that are diagnostic of Marfan’s?

A
  1. Thumb sign: opposition of thumb across palm and close fist, thumb will stick out past palm
  2. Wrist sign: make fist around own wrist and will see pinkie overlap thumb
27
Q

What are the health supervision guidelines for patients with Marfan’s Syndrome?

A
  1. Cardiac: ECHO at diagnosis and yearly
  2. Ophtho: yearly assessment
  3. MSK: yearly exams, then from 6-18 yo, will be seen q6month for physical exam and bone age
  4. Genetic counseling
  5. Lifestyle and safety counseling
28
Q

What are red flags on history in a patient with bruising or injury? (6)

A
  1. No history of trauma or a vague history
  2. Any unexplained bruising in a baby < 6 months old
  3. A changing story
  4. A different history from different caregivers
  5. An injury not compatible with history of developmental stage
  6. Delay in seeking medical attention
29
Q

What is the most common cause of head injury in children < 1 years old?

A

Child abuse

30
Q

When should a skeletal survey be ordered in cases of suspected physical abuse?

A

< 2 years old to look for occult fractures

31
Q

Difference between TEN and SJS?

A

SJS < 10% skin involvement

TEN > 30% skin involvement

33
Q

When does colic typically start?

A

2 weeks and can last up to 4 months of age or longer

34
Q

Where are two places you must examine in any child with erythema multiforme rash?

A

Mucous membranes
Genital region

This is to rule out SJS and TEN

35
Q

What are acute complications of TEN?
What are long term complications of TEN?
Services to consult for patient with TEN?

A

Acute: sepsis, DIC, dehydration (fluid loss through skin), respiratory complications, pain

Long term: renal failure, liver failure, scarring, blindness, strictures (especially of GU)

Consultants: Derm, ophtho, urology (for urethral and vaginal strictures), ID

36
Q

What is the treatment for TEN?

A

Cyclophosphamide

IVIG

37
Q

What are the absolute contraindications to organ donation?

A
  1. HIV
  2. Hepatitis B & C
  3. HTLV infection
  4. Active systemic bacterial/fungal/viral infection
  5. Active malignancies
  6. Death with neurological disease of unestablished etiology
  7. Parkinson’s
  8. Subacute sclerosing panencephalopathy
  9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  10. Prion disease
  11. Rabies

Relative:

  1. Coroner’s case
  2. Hypotension/cardiac arrest
  3. Transmissable infections
  4. High risk behaviours
38
Q

What are the 3 hallmarks of informed choice?

A
  1. Appropriate information
  2. Decision-making capacity
  3. Voluntariness
39
Q

What are 6 recommendations to prevent dental caries in children?

A
  1. See dentist at 1 yo
  2. Brush teeth with first tooth (~6 months)
  3. Don’t put child to sleep with bottle
  4. Decrease juice consumption
  5. Fluoride tooth paste
  6. Fluoride varnish twice yearly
40
Q

Parents of child with unilateral cleft palate ask you what is the recurrence risk for their next pregnancy?

A

4%

41
Q

What is the age of consent for sexual activity in Canada?

A

Can consent if: 16 yo and there is NO relationship of trust, authority or dependency and doesn’t involve prostitution or pornography (for these, must be 18 yo)

  • exceptions:
  • 12-13 yo can consent with peers when age difference is NOT greater than 2 years
  • 14 and 15 yo can consent with peers when age difference is NOT greater than 5 years
  • < 12 yo cannot consent
42
Q

Clinical criteria for colic?

A
  1. Crying for > 3 hrs per day

2. At least 3 days per week for at least 1 week

PEDIATRICS EXAM REVISION (56 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions