General Pathology 1-2 (terminology, cell review / cell death and inflammation) Flashcards

Question

Nucleocytoplasmic ratio

Answer 1

ratio of nucleus (volume?size?) vs cytoplasm "

Answer 2

Higher in: a) undifferentiated adult cells, b) fetal cells, c) tumour cells

Answer 3

Nucleus Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Lysosomes

Answer 4

Separated from the rest of the cell by nuclear membrane Consists of DNA organized into chromatin Condenses into chromosomes during cell division Blueprint for protein synthesis

Answer 5

Double membrane involved in cellular energy production (internal cristae?) Energy demanding cells are mitochondrial rich (liver, nerve, red muscle)

Answer 6

undifferentiated cells many malignant tumor cells

Answer 7

small RNA granules can be: a) free floating b) on RER involved in protein synthesis

Answer 8

free ribosomes = proteins for internal cell environment use RER ribosomes = for "export" (note "LUXARY proteins")

Answer 9

"A protein that is produced only in specialized cells and is not necessary for general cell maintenance, unlike the so-called housekeeping proteins."

Answer 10

membranes continuous with plasma membrane (?) and nuclear membrane

Answer 11

involved in protein synthesis; studded with ribosomes

Answer 12

involved in catabolism of drugs, hormones, nutrients no ribosomes "associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones."

Answer 13

Adjacent to nucleus membrane bound cisternae modifies, sorts and packages macromolecules such as proteins and lipids before their secretion

Answer 14

"The Golgi complex plays a central role in protein secretion by regulating cargo sorting and trafficking"

Answer 15

digestive organelle lytic enzymes Fuse with vesicles to digest material

Answer 16

E.g. worn out structures, bacteria, etc.

Answer 17

Can release its contents into the cell to lyse cell

Answer 18

(worn out, damaged, too many, infected, etc.)

Answer 19

microvilli (no energy required) FUNCTION?? Increase cell SA

Answer 20

require energy Cilia Flagella (flagellum)

Answer 21

Cilia: numerous, short, hairlike projections move substances across the surface of the cell

Answer 22

single, long projection functions to move the cell (sperm)

Answer 23

for homeostasis bringing together various parts --> FUNCTION AS WHOLE

Answer 24

Autocrine Paracrine endocrine

Answer 25

secretes substance that stimulate itself SIMPLEST

Answer 26

secretes a substance that stimulates a nearby cell

Answer 27

release substance into the bloodstream then stimulate distant cell

Answer 28

endocrine stimulation

Answer 29

cells of anatomically distinct organs

Answer 30

Hypoxia / ischemia / anoxia Physical agents (temp/vibration/radiation) Mechanical damage (trauma) Abnormal metabolite accumulation Fluid or electrolyte imbalance pH imbalance

Answer 31

Chemicals (heavy metals/drugs) Microbiological agents (bacteria/viruses) Immunological reactions (autoimmune/host cells) Genetic defects Nutritional imbalances Aging

Answer 32

Within range of homeostasis Membrane left relatively intact (pumps) Mitochondria able to sustain energy demands Mild and/or short-lived Cell returns to its original state

Answer 33

No Na+K+ pumps puming Na+ out? = cell swells, and membrane ruptures = lysis

Answer 34

Decrease energy production Decrease metabolism Decrease in pH

Answer 35

Shrinking, fragmentation, lysis (nucleus)

Answer 36

Can burst releasing degrading enzymes and increase cell damage

Answer 37

Extensive plasma membrane damage

Answer 38

Accumulation of amorphous, Ca-rich densities in the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 39

cells adapt their growth/differentiation e.g. normal adaptations breast/uterine growth during pregnancy

Answer 40

modified frequently in response to hormonal stimulation, environmental changes, irritation

Answer 41

decrease in the size of cells resulting in reduced tissue mass caused by poor nutrition, aging, immobility i.e. whole organ, or cellular (?)

Answer 42

Decreased demand, oxygen, nutrients, nerve innervation. Persistent cell injury

Answer 43

increase in the size of individual cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass

Answer 44

eg. Striated muscle cells – working out. Cardiac muscle – cardiovascular disease

Answer 45

increased number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass can occur in conjunction with hypertrophy

Answer 46

e.g. endometrial thickening of the uterus

Answer 47

when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type (can be pathological or occur under regular circumstances) e.g. ciliated columnar epithelia of the respiratory tract changes to stratified squamous epithelia (IN SMOKERS)

Answer 48

Endometrial hyperplasia develops when a woman has an imbalance of estrogen and progesterone. There are a number of reasons this can occur: Having irregular menstrual periods, being obese, or having polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may interfere with ovulation, which reduces progestin exposure.

Answer 49

"cells of a tissue vary in size and shape, large nuclei are present and the rate of mitosis increases; may indicate a precancerous state"

Answer 50

overload of various metabolites/exogenous material OR prevention of excretion of metabolic byproducts

Answer 51

overload, underutilization, underexcretion

Answer 52

Black Lung (anthracosis) – accumulation of coal particles Fatty liver disease (alcoholics or nonalcoholics ") – damage to liver cells, cause decrease in lipoprotein production, therefore an increase in lipid storage

Answer 53

complex adaptations and irreversible cellular events associated with impaired wound healing (?) Over 300 theories E.g. wear-and-tear, genetic hypotheses, telomere aging clock theory and free radical theory

Answer 54

how are drugs named? drug classificaitons, uses, side effects

Answer 55

"the treatment of disease by conventional means, i.e., with drugs having opposite effects to the symptoms." "Also called biomedicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, and Western medicine."

Answer 56

1) clients combine allopathic therapy with Complementary therapy (alternative " ?) 2) drugs can interfere with physiological response of Massage & hydrotherapy 3) some medication is contraindication of massage and/or hydrotherapy 4) minor changes in Tx depending on drug / drug delivery (?)

Answer 57

study of action of chemicals on living organisms produce biological effects

Answer 58

pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics pharmacy toxicology

Answer 59

What the body does to the drug

Answer 60

What the drug does to the body

Answer 61

"the science or practice of the preparation and dispensing of medicinal drugs."

Answer 62

noun: toxicology 1. the branch of science concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons. 2. the measurement and analysis of potential toxins, intoxicating or banned substances, and prescription medications present in a person's body.

Answer 63

“what the body does to the drug” How the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and eliminate the drug How long the body takes to accomplish this process, and the drug levels the body is exposed to as a result of this process

Answer 64

“what the drug does to the body” Does the drug mimic normal physiological processes or inhibit processes This is defined in the “mechanism of action” of the drug

Answer 65

"In medicine, a term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body."

Answer 66

client taking pain medication asks for deep work is bruised and in more pain the next day therefore, therapist should know what medication is and what it does to body E.g. how effects soft tissue, recovery, or sensory feedback

Answer 67

a basic understanding of the actions and effects of commonly used drugs ability to research the effects of other medications encountered knowledge of how massage affects the body’s physiology ability to apply this knowledge to varying clients

Answer 68

via: generic name or brand (trade) name

Answer 69

term that refects chemical structure of drug assigned by international committee same around the world E.g. Diazepam = generic name for... 7 chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benziodiazepin-2-one (C16 H13 CIN2 )

Answer 70

formulation is assigned a brand name by manufacturing company doesn't reflect chemistry of drug drug is developed, researched, tested, and produced for sale i.e. drug manufacturing company E.g. Ibuprofen = generic name brand name = Advil, Motrin, etc

Answer 71

generic drug companies produce the medication cheaper than brand name version meet FDA requirements concerns about effectiveness vs brand name (?) possibly not as effective as "original" (?)

Answer 72

After a patent expires on a drug, generic drug companies may produce it

Answer 73

non-prescription drugs prescription drugs restricted and controlled drugs

Answer 74

therapeutic properties (action/effect on body) action or effect on body system chemical structure

Answer 75

describes the effect that the drug has on the body E.g. anti-hypertensive to reduce blood pressure

Answer 76

describes the body system that the drug affects E.g. central nervous system stimulant

Answer 77

escribes basic chemical or pharmacologic properties of the drug E.g. beta-blocker

Answer 78

they will know what the drug is used for can use knowledge of general class of drugs to alter treatment or further research drug

Answer 79

list of diseases/disorders drug is officially recommended for by Health Canada

Answer 80

There may be some conditions that the drug has shown benefit for ut Health Canada has not approved use of the drug for " E.g. insufficient trial data

Answer 81

disease/disorder that the drug has a negative effect on should not be prescribed to a client with that condition

Answer 82

1) Therapeutic effects 2) side effects or adverse effects 3) unpredictable effects

Answer 83

dosage, age, gender, lifestyle, pathologies

Answer 84

desired effect which is intended to help the user get better

Answer 85

undesirable reactions: can be b/c of "too much" of therapeutic effect E.g. hypotension for hypertension drugs can be unrelated to therapeutic effect E.g. stomach ulcers, GI irritation via Aspirin can also be via interaction of multiple drugs

Answer 86

1) too much therapeutic effect 2) unrelated effect 3) via interaction of multiple drugs

Answer 87

two types: a) allergic/hypersensitive reactions b) idiosyncratic reactions

Answer 88

can be mild E.g. (hives, joint pain, fever) can be severe E.g. anaphylaxis

Answer 89

unexpected or highly unusual effects occur in small number of people

Answer 90

client's primary complaint might be as a result of a drug side effect should monitor patient symptoms be alert for unusual be alert for changes vs. massage tx

Answer 91

DRUGS DO NOT create new functions drugs alter existing cellular activities

Answer 92

one or a combination of the following: a) Combining with specific cellular receptors b) Chemically altering body fluids c) Chemically altering cell membranes d) Interacting with extracellular enzyme systems

Answer 93

binding to receptor can alter cellular function E.g. benzodiazepines binds to a neurotransmitter receptor

Answer 94

E.g. antacid to neutralize excess stomach acidity and reduce or prevent digestive discomfort

Answer 95

E.g. alter electrical stability alter responsiveness to stimuli can influence the cell’s permeability I.e. speeding up / slowing down of ions into/out of cell

Answer 96

enzyme? protein molecule that facilitate/catalyze chemical reactions of all cells E.g. NSAIDs alter pain by blocking the activity of enzymes in the inflammatory response

Answer 97

time it takes body to reduce concentration of drug to 50% via metabolism/elimination E.g. 100mg dose of drug with 20 minute half-life 3.125mg after 100 minutes

Answer 98

duration of time it takes for drug to become effective

Answer 99

how was the drug administered/taken? E.g. IV versus orally

Answer 100

can help determine schedule of Massage therapy

Answer 101

amount of drug that enters systemic circulation amount available to produce effects ***also determined via how drug is administered/taken E.g. 50mg of a drug taken orally and bioavailability is approximately 50%, if 50mg administered via injection, bioavailability is 100%

Answer 102

doseage/frequency age general health

Answer 103

"Bruises happen when the smallest blood vessels under the skin (capillaries) break and start to leak, causing discolouration. Blood thinners are designed to slow down the blood clotting, so the broken blood vessels take longer to stop leaking, which can lead to a worse bruise or bruising more easily."

Answer 104

1) apoptosis 2) necrosis

Answer 105

will discuss: signs symptoms pathogenesis cellular events in inflammation cells of inflammation

Answer 106

endogenously programmed (mechanism) initiating event can be endogenous OR exogenous

Answer 107

growing or originating from within an organism. growing or originating from outside an organism.

Answer 108

exogenously induced via irreversible cell injury E.g. toxins, anoxia, etc.

Answer 109

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat

Answer 110

most common type of necrosis mechanism? Cell proteins are altered or denatured Via inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes in CYTOPLASM --> these prevent lysis of tissue --> Note: cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 111

coagulative necrosis

Answer 112

cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzymes that prevent lysis of tissue

Answer 113

tissues retains original form firm consistency

Answer 114

solid internal organs

Answer 115

anoxia E.g. heart attack

Answer 116

dead cells liquefy via influence of certain enzymes dissolution of tissues SOFT/DIFFLUENT tissue

Answer 117

brain brain cells liquefied brain becomes soft, fluid-filled cavity

Answer 118

tissue may undergo LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis after undergoing COAGULATIVE necrosis "Coagulative necrosis may liquefy"

Answer 119

special type of COAGULATIVE NECROSIS w/ limited LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis hybrid of two types tissue becomes "CHEESE-like" and yellow-white

Answer 120

TUBERCULOSIS (almost unique to tuberculosis)

Answer 121

Some FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Answer 122

Center of a tuberculous granuloma becomes necrotic and the cells fall apart

Answer 123

"What is a granuloma? A granuloma is a tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue. It can appear in your lungs, skin or other parts of your body. Granulomas aren't cancerous. They form as a reaction to infections, inflammation, irritants or foreign objects."

Answer 124

"Tuberculosis is the formation of an organized structure called granuloma. It consists mainly in the recruitment at the infectious stage of macrophages, highly differentiated cells such as multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and Foamy cells, all these cells being surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes."

Answer 125

special type of LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis via? action of LIPOLYTIC enzymes where? limited to fat tissue Esp around pancreas

Answer 126

fat necrosis

Answer 127

caseous necrosis

Answer 128

pancreatic enzymes release into fat tissue degrade fat into: GLYCEROL FREE FAs I.e. from Triglyceride?

Answer 129

dead tissue

Answer 130

Necrotic tissue can undergo secondary changes such as E.g. CALCIFICATION Also note: secondary liquefaction E.g. liquefactive necrosis after undergoing coagulative necrosis

Answer 131

ischemic necrosis is a type of coagulative necrosis "preservation of cellular architecture and protein coagulation" "Severe frostbite injuries can lead to dry gangrene" ("lack in blood supply and oxygen") "Frostbite is a cold-induced injury of tissue characterized by freezing and ischemic necrosis."

Answer 132

programmed cell death under normal conditions may occur when: A) abnormal cell development B) excessive cell numbers C) injured cells D) aged cells

Answer 133

cells "self-destruct" appear to digest itself disintegrate I.e. LYSIS

Answer 134

active requires energy regulated requires specific genes/enzymes mechanism is endogenous (endogenously programmed) intiating event can be endogenous/exogenous affects single cells I.e. mechanism that operates at a single cellular level

Answer 135

lack of apoptosis can cause pathology E.g. important in formation of digits

Answer 136

occurs when digits fused together (e.g. in hands/feet)

Answer 137

swelling heat redness pain (occasionally) loss of function

Answer 138

"to set on fire" body's nonspecific response to tissue injury E.g. Appendicitis, laryngitis, pancreatitis, mastitis, etc.

Answer 139

biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli E.g. pathogens, damaged cells or irritants

Answer 140

protective attempt by the organism to remove/localize the injurious stimuli initiate the healing process for the tissue

Answer 141

Without inflammation wounds and infections would not heal and further destruction of tissue would compromise survival of organism.

Answer 142

cut, allergy, bite, infection, burn, etc.

Answer 143

With infection, a microorganism is present

Answer 144

symptoms: pain/tenderness signs: redness, swelling, heat, loss of function

Answer 145

fatigue weakness decreased appetite aching

Answer 146

1) changes in circulation of blood 2) changes in vessel wall permeability 3) release of SOLUBLE MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (SMIs) 4) cellular events

Answer 147

body's first response to injury "Mechanical stimulus stimulates nerves that transmit signals to smooth muscle cells on arterioles" "Constriction followed by relaxation of sphincter" Blood rushes into capillaries leading to redness, swelling, warmth... (hyperemia) Blood flow in dilated capillaries is slow leading to congestion Sludged erythrocytes form stacks (rouleaux) impeding circulation WBCs are marginalized and become attached to endothelium (pavementing)

Answer 148

redness, swelling, warmth... (hyperemia)

Answer 149

Blood flow in dilated capillaries is slow leading to congestion

Answer 150

Sludged erythrocytes form stacks (rouleaux) impeding circulation "ROULEAUX"

Answer 151

WBCs are marginalized and become attached to endothelium (PAVEMENTING)

Answer 152

due to: Increased pressure inside the congested blood vessels Slowing of circulation Adhesion of leukocytes and platelets to endothelial cells (PAVEMENTING) Release of soluble mediators of inflammation (SMIs)

Answer 153

Plasma derived and cell derived Plasma derived must be activated Biochemically heterogeneous Multifunctional and thus have numerous effects on blood vessels, inflammatory cells, etc.

Answer 154

a) Histamine b) Bradykinin c) Complement system d) Arachidonic Acid Derivatives

Answer 155

BIOGENIC AMINE Released from platelets and mast cells Provokes contraction of endothelial cells of blood vessels Leads to formation of gaps Increases blood vessel permeability Allows fluids to exit into interstitial spaces Occurs quickly Histamine is rapidly inactivated by histaminase Immediate transient reaction

Answer 156

increases "formation of gaps" (??) allows fluid to go to interstitial spaces

Answer 157

occurs quickly rapidly inactivated via HISTAMINASE "IMMEDIATE TRANSIENT REACTION"

Answer 158

Released from platelets and mast cells

Answer 159

Plasma protein Similar effects as histamine but occurs at a slower pace Formed in the plasma through activation of Hageman factor or coagulation factor XII Incites pain NOTE THAT CLOTTING FACTOR xii IS ACTIVATED VIA PLATELETS VIA INTRINSIC PATHWAY OF BLOOD CLOTTING -- COAGULATION PHASE (STEP IN HEMOSTASIS) I.e. inflammation when clotting is needed

Answer 160

Bradykinin effects occur at slower rate

Answer 161

Bradykinin

Answer 162

COAGULATION FACTOR XII (clotting factor 12) AKA Hageman factor = plasma protein

Answer 163

group of plasma proteins released via LIVER circulate in INACTIVE form activate in cascade (activate one another) Numbered C1 to C9 occuring via 3 pathways: Classical pathway Alternative pathway Lectin pathway activation leads to formation of active fragments (e.g. C3a) activation leads to formation of intermediate complexes (e.g. C567) activation leads to terminal membrane attack complexes (e.g. MAC)

Answer 164

produced by LIVER

Answer 165

in INACTIVE form

Answer 166

Classical pathway Alternative pathway Lectin pathway

Answer 167

formation of biologically active fragments (E.g. C3a) formation of intermediate COMPLEXES (E.g. C567) formation of terminal MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEXES (E.g. MAC)

Answer 168

"MAC destroys cells by boring holes in plasma membrane"

Answer 169

OPSONIZATION ANAPHYLAXIS CHEMOTAXIS CELL LYSIS

Answer 170

"Antibody opsonization is a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis."

Answer 171

"any of various proteins (as complement or antibodies) that bind to foreign particles and microorganisms (as bacteria) making them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes."

Answer 172

histamine release with increased vessel wall permeability "an acute allergic reaction to an antigen (e.g. a bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive."

Answer 173

"an extreme, often life-threatening allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive."

Answer 174

"Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell or organism in response to a chemical stimulus. This phenomenon is commonly seen in bacteria and other single-celled organisms, which use chemotaxis to navigate towards nutrients or away from harmful substances in their environment. Chemotaxis is an important mechanism for the survival and behavior of many organisms." (AI) "movement of a motile cell or organism, or part of one, in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance."

Answer 175

migration of leukocytes

Answer 176

Arachidonic acid derived from phospholipids of cell membranes via 2 pathways: LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY & CYCLOOXYGENASE PATHWAY

Answer 177

LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY & CYCLOOXYGENASE PATHWAY

Answer 178

formation of: Leukotrienes – promote chemotaxis and incr. vasc. permeability Lipoxins – inhibit chemotaxis

Answer 179

formation of: Prostaglandins – cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, mediate pain and fever --> Prostacyclin – counteracts thromboxane Thromboxane – platelet aggregation, thrombosis, vasoconstriction

Answer 180

"Thrombosis is a blood clot within blood vessels that limits the flow of blood."

Answer 181

emigration of leukocytes NOTE: Increased permeability of vessel wall lasts up to several hours Accompanied by leakage of fluid into interstitial spaces Leads to formation of edema Emigration of cells across vascular wall leads to formation of exudate

Answer 182

PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils) ---> Lose their mobility ---> act as scavengers Active uptake of bacteria/cellular debris often PMNs die in their fight with bacteria

Answer 183

1) Neutrophil (most common) 2) Eosinophils (2-3%) 3) Basophils (1%) 4) Macrophages 5) Platlets

Answer 184

most numerous (of circulating WBCs) "Multi-segmented" nucleus (up to 5) They are first to appear in acute inflammation characteristics: mobility, bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, produce and release cytokines

Answer 185

"any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, which are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells." "From the Greek cyto (cavity or cell) and kine (movement), cytokines are proteins involved in cell signaling and function as immunomodulating agents."

Answer 186

PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

Answer 187

2-3% of circulating WBCs characteristics: slower mobility slower to react to "chemotactic" stimuli --> see "chemotaxis" ALSO SEGMENTED NUCLEUS (2) prominent in: allegic reaction inflammatory response to parasites

Answer 188

2-3% of circulating WBC

Answer 189

slower mobility slower reaction to chemotactic stimuli

Answer 190

2 (multi-segmented)

Answer 191

allergic reactions inflammatory response to PARASITES

Answer 192

acute inflammation (first to appear)

Answer 193

less than 1% of ciruclating WBC present in inflammatory reactions prominent in allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) Non-segmented nucleus CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES LARGER THAN PMNS (big basophils) structurally related to Mast Cells

Answer 194

"any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies."

Answer 195

"Globulins are a group of proteins in your blood. They are made in your liver by your immune system."

Answer 196

slides say larger than PMNs google says slightly smaller than PMNs Type Approx. % in adults Diameter (μm) Neutrophil 62% 12–15 Eosinophil 2.3% 12–15 (slightly bigger than neutrophils) Basophil 0.4% 12–15 (slightly smaller than neutrophils)

Answer 197

non-segmented

Answer 198

cytoplasm has granules

Answer 199

Most common in allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)

Answer 200

Peanut allergy: Peanut allergy is one of the most common and severe food allergies, and it is mediated by IgE antibodies. Tree nut allergy: Similar to peanut allergy, tree nut allergy is also mediated by IgE antibodies and can cause severe reactions. Wheat allergy: Wheat allergy is another common food allergy that is caused by an IgE-mediated response to wheat proteins. Milk allergy: Milk allergy is a common allergy in infants and young children, and it is caused by an IgE-mediated response to milk proteins. Egg allergy: Egg allergy is another common food allergy that is caused by an IgE-mediated response to egg proteins. Fish and shellfish allergy: Fish and shellfish allergy are also common food allergies that are mediated by IgE antibodies. Insect sting allergy: Insect sting allergy is a severe allergic reaction that occurs when an individual is stung by an insect, such as a bee or wasp, and is caused by an IgE-mediated response to the insect venom. Hymenoptera venom allergy: Hymenoptera venom allergy refers to an allergic reaction to the venom of insects such as bees, wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets. Mold allergy: Mold allergy is a common respiratory allergy that is caused by an IgE-mediated response to mold spores. Dust mite allergy: Dust mite allergy is another common respiratory allergy that is caused by an IgE-mediated response to dust mite allergens.

Answer 201

tissue cells derived from blood MONOCYTES "are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues." BEANSHAPED nucleus larger than PMN "Macrophages are generally larger than typical monocytes." --> Recall: Monocyte/macrophage = biggest -- but differentiated macrophage = bigger

Answer 202

3-4 days after onset live long typical in chronic inflammation phagocytic/bactericidal

Answer 203

macrophage slowest & live longest PMNs quickest reaction eosinophils slower reaction

Answer 204

macrophage

Answer 205

macrophage

Answer 206

Macrophage

Answer 207

what? fragments of cytoplasm released from MEGAKARYOCYTES in bone marrow NO NUCLEUS membrane-bound granules which contain HISTAMINE, coagulative proteins, cytokines, growth factors, etc

Answer 208

LYMPHOCYTES PLASMA CELLS

Answer 209

no nucleus, no genes Not generally considered to be a white blood "Cell" cell fragment

Answer 210

A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") "LARGE NUCLEUS CELLS" "a large cell that has a lobulated nucleus, is found especially in the bone marrow, and is the source of blood platelets."

Answer 211

membrane-bound granules --> contain: HISTAMINE COAGULATIVE PROTEINS CYTOKINES GROWTH FACTORS

Answer 212

EDEMA transudate exudate chemotaxis Pus purulent/suppurative

Answer 213

"a localized or generalized condition in which the body tissues contain excessive fluid"

Answer 214

the fluid that passes through a membrane; compared to exudate has fewer cells

Answer 215

a fluid released from the body with a high concentration of cells and protein

Answer 216

EXUDATE: "Exudate is fluid that leaks out of blood vessels into nearby tissues. The fluid is made of cells, proteins, and solid materials. Exudate may ooze from cuts or from areas of infection or inflammation." TRANSUDATE: "Transudates are fluids that pass through a membrane or squeeze through tissue or into the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE of TISSUES. Transudates are thin and watery and contain few cells or PROTEINS."

Answer 217

The movement of WBCs in response to the release of chemical mediators WBCs move up or along the concentration gradient Requires energy Active

Answer 218

"protein rich fluid contain WBCs and cellular debris produced during inflammation" "a thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue, consisting of dead white blood cells and bacteria with tissue debris and serum."

Answer 219

"forming or containing pus"

Answer 220

"Not knowing any official difference, I think of purulent as 'stinky' and suppurative as 'oozing'." purulent etymology: "festering" "pus"