A&P in class flashcards
generally 3 oxygens stay in RBC –> goes from 4 to 3 to 4 to 3
–> unless demand for oxygen (E.g. exercise)
..
which organs clear RBC?
liver, spleen
which part of liver/speen?
fixed phagocytic macrophages
what happens to bilirubin?
bilirubin –> urobilinogen –> stercobilin or urobilin
urobilin –> urine
stercobilini –> feces
eosinophil
destroys parasites (worms), & destroys Ab-Ag complexes
basophil
releases serotonin, heparin, & histamine in allergic reactions
NK cells fight
cancer, infectious microbes
factor X
factor X –> thrombin activator (Prothrombinase – from liver) –> turns prothrombin to thrombin –> turns fibrinogen into fibrin
Aspirin
actually anticoagulant
agglutinin
antibody
agglutinogen
antigen
what can be antigen? (allergy)
something can be antigen for one person, but not for another person (E.g. allergy – pollen)
agglutinogen + agglutinin = ?
agglutination (clumping – in this case of RBC)
why transfusion –> different reasons
why transfusion –> different reasons
note enough blood volume?
not enough RBC?
not enough WBC?
not enough plasma?
generally speaking, which component is removed from blood?
WBC
what does + or - mean in blood type
indicates presence of Rh antigen (Rh factor)
clumping together
surface area decreases
also increase risk for
clotting
what happens wrong blood?
shock
–> i.e. hypoperfusion of organs
kidneys shutting down (wrong blood)
acute kidney failure
kidney overloaded when trying to filter blood contents
all anemias have this in common –> Common definition
anemia
–> oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced (for varying reasons, dependent on type of anemia)
general symptoms all types of anemias have in common
Symptoms:
Fatigue
Intolerant of cold
Skin appears pale
Dyspnea with mild exertion
thalassemia, one treatment method
frequent transfusions
what percentage of RBC have Hb-S in sickle cell anemia?
“Sickle cell patients usually have a hemoglobin S level of about 80- 90%. This means 80-90% of the circulating red blood cells are cells that can sickle and cause complications.”
sickle cell trait makes which disease difficult to develop?
malaria
“If a mosquito carrying the malaria germ bites someone with sickle cell trait, the person isn’t as likely to get as sick as other people.”
“That’s because people with sickle cell trait have red blood cells that make it hard for the malaria germ to grow.”
can sickle celled RBCs carry oxygen?
“Because of their shape, sickled red blood cells can’t squeeze through small blood vessels as easily as the almost donut-shaped normal cells. This can lead to these small blood vessels getting blocked which then stops the oxygen from getting through to where it is needed.”
“Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder marked by defective hemoglobin. It inhibits the ability of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen.”
“Sickle cells tend to stick together, blocking small blood vessels causing painful and damaging complications.”
hemochromatosis –> iron chelators
“Drugs called iron chelators remove extra iron from your body.”
“They bind metal ions and reduce their reactivity dramatically [17]. Therefore, iron-chelating agents reduce iron overload in different organs, such as the liver and heart”
