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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY > General Parasitology - LEC 3 (NEMATODES) > Flashcards

General Parasitology - LEC 3 (NEMATODES) Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes General Characteristics

A
  • Unsegmented
  • Possesses mouth (buccal cavity), esophagus, and anus (important in further diagnosis
  • In general sexes separate (Dioecious)
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2
Q

Where is the nematodes’ buccal cavity located?

A

In the anterior part of the adult parasite

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3
Q

Where is the anus of nematodes located?

A

Near terminal portion

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4
Q

Nematodes reproduction

A

Oviparous, Larviparous/Viviparous, Oviviparous

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5
Q

Depositing larvae rather than eggs.

A

Larviparous/Viviparous

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6
Q

(Nematode) Infection by

A
  • Ingestion of eggs, or
  • Penetration of larvae through surfaces
  • Arthropod vector
  • Ingestion of encysted larvae
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7
Q

Cestodes General Characteristics

A
  • Segmented – known as proglottids
  • Possess, scolex, neck, and proglottids
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Reproduction
  • Oviparous
  • Sometimes reproduction within larval forms
    -Infection generally by encysted larvae
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8
Q

Trematodes General Characteristics

A
  • Unsegmented
  • Leaflike or cylindrical
  • Generally hermaphroditic
  • Reproduction
  • Oviparous
  • Multiplication within larval forms
  • Infection mainly by larval stages entering intestinal tract sometimes through the skin
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9
Q

Most abundant & widespread animal group

Many species are free-living in fresh or salt water, mud, or soil while others are considered parasites of both animals & plants

A

Nematodes

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10
Q

thread = “_____”

A

nema

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11
Q

Adult Nematode Characteristics

A

Elongated, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented with tapering ends

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12
Q

Nematode Body is covered with tough cuticle which may be
_______, ______, _______ or _____

A

smooth, striated, bossed or spiny

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13
Q

Trichinella spiralis size

A

<5 mm

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14
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis size

A

<5 mm

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15
Q

Dracunculus medinensis size

A

1 m

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16
Q

Male (nematodes) are generally _________ than females & their posterior end is curved or coiled ventrally

A

smaller

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17
Q

Nematodes’ Body cavity has a

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • straight digestive tract with an anteriorly terminal mouth (buccal cavity)
  • posteriorly subterminal anus
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18
Q

Excretory & nervous systems are rudimentary, circulatory system is absent, & the body wall consists of an outer layer of cuticle & an inner layer of longitudinal muscles

Separate sexes (diecious

A

Nematodes

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19
Q

Nematodes Male Reproductive System:

A
  • Testis/penis – spicule
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicle
  • ejaculatory duct that opens into the cloaca
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20
Q

(found in the terminal region of the parasite, sa posterior part)

A

Spicule

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21
Q

Female reproductive system:

A
  • Ovary
  • Oviduct
  • seminal receptacle
  • uterus
  • vagina
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22
Q

laying eggs, nagproproduce at nangingitlog

A

Oviparous

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23
Q

Parasites that lay unsegmented eggs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura

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24
Q

Parasites that lay egg with segmented ova

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus

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25
Q

giving birth to larvae, hindi nangingitlog, kundi nanganganak

A

Viviparous

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26
Q

Viviparous Parasites

A

Dracunculus medinensis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Trichinella spiralis

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27
Q

laying eggs containing larvae which are immediately hatched out, lays their egg with larva which are immediately hatched out, nangingitlog but their egg is madaling mapisa and magiging larva

A

Ovoviviparous

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28
Q

Ovoviviparous parasite

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

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29
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides daily output of eggs

A

> 200,000 eggs/female/day

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30
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis daily output of eggs

A

few eggs/female/day

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31
Q

Nematodes Has ____ life history stage

A

five

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32
Q

Infective stage is usually

A

third stage larva (L3 Larva)

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33
Q

Man is optimum hots, except:

A
  • Trichinella spiralis (pig is optimum host, man
    is the alternative host)
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34
Q

Optimum host

A

Definitive host

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35
Q

Alternative host

A

Intermediate host

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36
Q

Only requotes ONE host, except the superfamilies ___________ and ___________

A

Dracunculoidea and Filarioidea

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37
Q

no. of host of Dracunculoidea and Filarioidea

A

– 2 hosts, 1 definitive and 1 intermediate which is an insect vector

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38
Q

Parasites that belong to Dracunculoidea superfamily:

A

Dracunculus medinensis ( 1 definitive and 1 intermediate host, snail and cyclop/copepod)

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39
Q

Parasites that belong to Filarioidea superfamily:

A

Wuchureria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Onchocerca volvulus
Dirofilaria immits
Dirofilaria repens
Dirofilaria conjuctivae
Loa loa
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella sterptocerca
Mansonella ozzardi

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40
Q

Intestinal (STHs)

A

› Ascaris lumbricoides
› Trichuris trichiura
› Strongyloides stercoralis
› Necator americanus
› Ancylostoma duodenale
› Enterobius vermicularis

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41
Q

Tissue Dwelling

A

Trichinella spiralis – resides in the smooth muscles

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42
Q

Blood and Tissue (Lymphatic and Non-lymphatic Filariasis)

A

› Brugia malayi
› Wuchureria bancrofti
› Loa loa
› Mansonella ozzardi
› Mansonella perstans
› Mansonella streptocerca
› Onchocerca volvulus
› Dirofilaria immitis

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43
Q

Infections caused by helminths of the Class Nematoda that requires the soil as its medium of further development & continuous life cycle

In the soil, larvae develop inside the egg (embryonated egg)

A

Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis

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44
Q

embryonation would take place with the presence of the

A

soil

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45
Q

All STHs reside in the small intestine, except ________ which resides in the large intestine

A

T. trichiura

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46
Q

A. lumbricoides - Common Name

A

Giant intestinal roundworm

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47
Q

A. lumbricoides - Geographical Distribution

A

Worldwide

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48
Q

A. lumbricoides - Prevalence

A

Most prevalent helminth infection, 25% of lumen helminthiasis

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49
Q

A. lumbricoides - Pathogenesis

A

Enteritis, inflammation, obstruction, toxicity, eosinophilia, hemorrhage, trauma by penetrating adults

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50
Q

A. lumbricoides - Habitat

A

Small intestine

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51
Q

A. lumbricoides - Intermediate Host

A

None

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52
Q

A. lumbricoides - Reservoir host

A

Swine

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53
Q

A. lumbricoides - Infective form

A

Embryonated egg

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54
Q

A. lumbricoides - Mode of Infection

A

Ingestion

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55
Q

A. lumbricoides - Specimen of Choice

A

Feces

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56
Q

A. lumbricoides - OVUM

A
  • Size: 35x50mcm
  • Shape: Oval to round
  • Color: Hyaline (brownish in color)
  • Operculum: None (non-operculated)
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57
Q

is a cap from which worms hatch from
the egg

A

Operculum

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58
Q

T/F

Cestodes and nematodes are operculated.

A

True

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59
Q

A. lumbricoides - CORTICATED (OUTER MAMILLATED, ALBUMINOID LAYER)

A
  • Size: 45x60mcm
  • Shape: Oval, elongated, somewhat rectangular
  • Color: Brown cortication, hyaline shell wall
  • Operculum: None
  • Content: Yolk mass
  • Fertilized: Organized; pulled away from wall
  • Unfertilized: Disorganized; fills the shell
60
Q

Outer mammillated albumin layer (+)

A

Corticated egg

-Oval, bile-stain, floats in brine

61
Q

Outer mammilated albumin layer (-)

A

Decorticated egg

-Floats in brine

62
Q

produced by female worms in the absence of male worms

A

Unfertilized egg

Narrower, longer, bile-stain, heavy, does not float in brine

63
Q

___________ eggs are the heaviest egg.

A

Unfertilized

64
Q

Fecal Concentration Technique

A

Sedimentation and Flotation

65
Q

(Fecal Concentration Technique)
Sedimentation

A
  • Formalin Ethyl Acetate Concentration
  • Acid Ether Concentration Technique
  • Iodine Formation Concentration Technique
66
Q

(Fecal Concentration Technique)
Flotation

A
  • Brine Flotation Technique
  • Zinc Sulfate Technique
  • Sheather’s Sugar Flotation
67
Q

Under flotation technique, you cannot see unfertilized egg because it’s a heavy egg = they cannot float, instead we use the

A

Sedimentation Technique

68
Q

A. lumbricoides - ADULT

A
  • Size: Male 15-30cm, Female 20 - 35cm
  • Shape: Round and slender, male has curved tail (posterior end)
  • Color: Creamy-white with a pinkish cast
  • Buccal structures: Three fine toothed lips (1 dorsal & 2 ventral)
  • Since may lips, may teeth din sila
69
Q

a picture taken from Scanning Electron Microscope

A

Micrograph

70
Q

If the Ascaris lumbricoides (the embryonated egg) is ingested by human, it will become _____________ of the parasite

A

rhabditiform larva

71
Q

If there is a larva inside the body, pwedeng mag-migrate sa lungs hindi lang ung intestine ung maparasitize –

A

heart lung migration

72
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides also known as

A

“the constant wanderer”

73
Q

disease caused by A. lumbricoides which migrated to other organ

A

Extra-intestinal Ascariasis

74
Q

All STHs are capable of heart lung migration (ASH –Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworm)
EXCEPT!!! _____________

A

Trichuris trichiura

75
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Common Name

A

Whipworm

76
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Geographical Distribution

A

Worldwide

77
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Pathogenesis

A

Eosinophilia, sever anemia, hemorrhage, rectal prolapse in extreme cases

78
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Habitat

A

Large intestines, cecum

79
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Intermediate Host

A

None

80
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Reservoir Host

A

Monkey, swine

81
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Infective form

A

Embryonated egg

82
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Mode of Infection

A

Ingestion

83
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Specimen of choice

A

Feces

84
Q

the type of WBC for parasites (antiparasitic activity)

A

Eosinophil

85
Q

high amount of eosinophil in the body

A

Eosinophilia

86
Q

indicates that a patient may have parasitic infection particularly helminthiasis

A

High Eosinophil

87
Q

Tt barrows itself in the large intestine, penetrate the lumen of the intestine; consumes some blood

A

Severe Anemia

88
Q

opening of the intestine

A

Lumen

89
Q

Blood (REVIEW!!!!)

A
  1. RBC (Erythrocytes, normocytes)
  2. WBC (leukocytes)
    - Granular – Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
    - Agranular – leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes (cell), macrophage (tissue)
  3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
90
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - OVUM

A
  • Size: 20x55mcm
  • Shape: Football, barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs
  • Color: Golden brown
  • Operculum: Absent
  • Content: Yolk mass, rare larva seen
91
Q

– flattened bipolar plug
ORDER: Enoplida

A

Capillaria philippinensis

92
Q

TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - ADULT

A
  • Size: Male 30 - 45 mm, Female 35 - 50 mm
  • Shape: Thick posterior and whip-like anterior
  • Anterior end (3/5th) of the body: very thin, hair-like (this part burrows inside intestinal mucosa)
  • Posterior end (2/5th) of the body: hangs out from intestinal mucosa to mate (contains reproductive tract)
  • Female posterior end is comma-shaped (arc)
  • Color: Flesh-colored
93
Q

Sabit sabit lang while copulating

A

Trichuris Trichiura

94
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Common Name

A

Old world hookworm

95
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Geographic Distribution

A

Europe, Asia; becoming worldwide

96
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Pathogenesis

A

Lesions of intestinal mucosa, anemia (chronic nutritional deficiency type), eosinophilia, pneumonitis, erythema, dyspnea

They have teeth Causes IDA – Iron Deficiency Anemia

97
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Habitat

A

Small intestine

98
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Intermediate Host

A

None

99
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Reservoir host

A

Hogs, dogs, cats, lions, tigers, and gorillas

100
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Infective form

A

Filariform Larva

101
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Mode of Infection

A

Penetration of the skin
Active skin penetration

102
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Specimen choice

A

Feces

103
Q

The stage of parasite at which it can
enter, the host and continue development within the host; stage of the parasites that transmits or causes the disease

A

Infective Stage

104
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - OVUM

A
  • Size: 40x60 mcm
  • Shape: Oval with bluntly rounded ends
  • Color: Hyaline
  • Operculum: Absent
  • Content: Yolk mass usually in cleavage (larva)
  • Shell Wall: Thin, single layer
105
Q

ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - ADULT

A
  • Size: Male 18
  • 11 mm, Female 10
  • 13 mm
  • Shape: Cylindrical; head is curved dorsally
  • Color: grayish-white - Buccal Structures: Two prominent pairs of teeth sa ventral surface, and 2 knob like of the dorsal surface (6 teeth)
    › 4/2 pairs of hook like teeth on the ventral surface
    › 2 knob like on the dorsal surface
  • Copulatory Bursa– Male
  • Paired Copulatory Spicules– Separated (2 Penis)
  • Small paired Dorsal Rays – Tripartite
106
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Common Name

A

New World Hookworm/ American Murderer

107
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Geographical Distribution

A

Western Hemisphere

108
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Pathogenesis

A

Inflammation of intestinal mucosa, anemia (chronic nutritional deficiency type), diarrhea, pneumonitis, eosinophilia

109
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Habitat

A

Small intestine

110
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Intermediate Host

A

None

111
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Reservoir host

A

None

112
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Infective Host

A

Filariform larva

113
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Mode of infection

A

Active penetration

114
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - Specimen of choice

A

Feces

115
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - OVUM

A
  • Size: 40x60 mcm
  • Shape: Oval with bluntly rounded ends
  • Color: Hyaline
  • Operculum: Absent
  • Content: Yolk mass usually in cleavage (larva)
  • Shell Wall: Thin, single layer
116
Q

NECATOR AMERICANUS - ADULT

A
  • Size: Smaller than A. duodenale; Male 5 - 9 mm, Female 9 - 11 mm
  • Shape: Cylindrical; head is sharply dorsally curved
  • Color: Grayish-white
  • Buccal Structures: prominent ventral and dorsal semilunar cutting plates
  • Copulatory Bursa – Male
  • Paired Copulatory Spicules – Fused with a
    terminal barb
  • Small Paired Dorsal Rays – Bipartite
117
Q

has 4 hook-like teeth on ventral surface & 2 knob-like teeth on dorsal surface

A

A. duodenale

118
Q

has 4 chitinous plates (2 each on ventral & dorsal surfaces)

A

N. americanus

119
Q

CHARACTERISTIC OF HOOKWORM DENTITION

A

N. americanus - semi-luna cutting plate
A. braziliense - 2 pairs of teeth
A. caninum - 3 pairs of teeth
A. duodenale - 2 pair of teeth

120
Q

– can cause human hookworm infection

A
  • Necator americanus
  • Anyclostoma duodenale
121
Q

larva migrans (cutaneous larva migrans)

A
  • Ancylostoma braziliense – cat hookworm
  • Ancylostoma caninum – dog hookworm
122
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Common Name

A

Threadworm

123
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Geographical Distribution

A

Worldwide

124
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Pathogenesis

A

Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, eosinophilia, anemia, recurrent diarrhea, secondary bacterial infections, biliary and pancreatic inflammation

125
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Habitat

A

Small intestine

126
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Intermediate Host

A

None

127
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Reservoir Host

A

Perhaps dogs and apes

128
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Infective form

A

Filariform larva

129
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Mode of infection

A

Active penetration

130
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - Specimen of choice

A

Feces

131
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - OVUM

A

Rarely seen in the stool because it hatches in the small intestine, so you will find rhabditiform larvae in feces instead; similar to Hookworm species egg; may contain a larva

132
Q

lays eggs, but hatches sa loob nung parent or parasite, egg hatches to rhabditiform larva

A

Ovoviviparous

133
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - RHABDITIFORM LARVA

A
  • Size: 250 mcm
  • Buccal Cavity: Short
  • Genital Primordium: large and conspicuous
  • Tail: Short and stubby
134
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis - ADULT

A
  • Size: Male less than 1mm; seen only in free living cycle, Female 1 mm for the free living, 2 mm for the parasitic
  • Shape: Very slender, threadlike, male has a curved tail
  • Color: Colorless; semitransparent
  • Buccal Structures: Short buccal cavity
  • Copulatory Bursa: Absent
  • Spicules: Two
135
Q

Since hookworm eggs look similar to Strongyloides eggs, culture of feces
____________, ______________, ___________
allows the larvae to hatch in lab conditions. Larvae of these 2 species can now be differentiated.

A
  • Harada-Mori
  • Sand & Charcoal/Baermann
  • Koga Agar Plate Culture
136
Q

buhayin outside the body to liberate rhabditiform and filariform para makita if hookworm or threadworm

A

Culture

137
Q

FILARIFORM has long esophagus, notched tail putol

A

S. stercoralis

138
Q

FILARIFORM has short esophagus, pointed tail

A

Hookworm

139
Q

RHABDITIFORM has buccal cavity shorter, genital primordium more prominent

A

S. stercoralis

140
Q

RHABDITIFORM has longer buccal cavity, genital primordium inconspicuous

A

Hookworm

141
Q

STH CONTROL

A

Step 1: Deworming/Anti-helminthic drug therapy
Step 2: Improvement of Sanitation
Step 3: Health Education

142
Q

; kills worms by blocking glucose uptake of larvae, depletes glycogen storage of adult worms, decrease ATP so parasites immobilized & die; ovicidal for ascariasis

A

Albendazole

143
Q

kills worms by inhibiting microtubule formation > no cytoskeleton → adults immobilized & die; also impairs glucose uptake & ATP formation

A

Mebendazole

144
Q

used in pxs allergic to the above drugs; paralyzes the worms so worms expelled in stool along with bowel motion; not effective for strongyloidiasis & trichuriasis

A

Pyrantel pamoate

145
Q

for S. stercoralis since it does not respond to albendazole & mebendazole

A

Ivermectin thiabendazole

146
Q

Other Deworming/Anti-helminthic drug therapy

A

Levamisole, Piperazine

147
Q

human feces used as fertilizer

A

“night soil”

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY (7 decks)

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