General medical Flashcards
endocrine glands
duct?
where are effects?
ductless
secrete hormones into circulation resulting in widespread effects
exocrine glands
duct?
where are effects
release chemicals through duct and have localized effects
Hypothalamus location
deep in cerebrum of brain
Pituitary gland nickname
master gland
anterior pituitary gland hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone
thyroid stiimulating hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
luteinizing hormone
prolactin
posterior pit gland hormones
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
diabetes insipidus features
large output of urine
inadequate adh secretion
thyroid shape and location
butterfly shape in neck anterior to inferior larynx
parathyroid location
four small glands located on posterior lateral surface of thyroid
thyroxine t4
stimulates cell metabolism
made in thyroid
triidothyronine t3
stimulates cell metabolism
made in thyroid
calcitonin
lowers blood calcium level
made in thyroid
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium level
antagonist to calcitonin
made in parathyroid
thymus location and fucntion
located in mediastinum just below sternum
secretes thymosin
pancreas location
tissue types
LUQ
has both endocrine and exocrine tissues
islets of langerhans function
cell type and function
alpha- glucagon
beta insulin
delta somatostatin
pineal gland location and function
located in thalamus in brain
releases melatonin
DKA
no insulin, fast onset
bgl around 500
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
cells resistant to insulin
slow onset
severe dehydration
bgl can be 1000
thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm)
ss
severe tachycardia
associated with graves disease (goiter)
hf
dysrhythmia
shock
hyperthermia
agitation
delierium
graves disease
excessive thyroid activity characterized by goiter and protruding eyes
hypothyroidism
low levels of hormones produced
cold intolerant
hyperthyroidism
excessive levels of thyroid hormones produced, heat intolerant
myxedema
form of hypothyroid
thickining of skin on nose throat and lips
characterized by hypothermia and decreased loc
Cushings syndrome results from what
high cortisol and aldosterone level
may be caused by long term adminsitration of corticosteroid drugs
cushings syndrome ss
moon face
weight gain
muscle atrophy of arms and legs
adrenal disorder simple difference
low cortisol and aldosterone = addison disease
high cotisol and aldosterone cushing
addisons disease ss
weakness, weight loss, anorexia
skin hyperpigmentation
hypotnetion
hyperkalemia
visceral pain
organ pain
cramping gas type pain
difficult to localize
somatic pain
constant stabbing pain
upper and lower gi seperation
ligament of treitz
causes of upper gi blled
peptic ulcer
gastritis
variceal rupture
gastric or duodenal ulcer
causes of lower gi bleed
diverticulosis
colon lesions
rectal lesion
anal fissures
inflammatory bowel disorder
mallory weiss tear
laceration of esophagus casued by retching and vomiting associated with bulimia.
tear does not extend through entire esophagus
boerhaave syndrom
upper gi bleed
rupture of esophagus from prolonged retching and vomiting tear travels entirely through esophageal wall
acute gastritis characteristics and symptoms
inflammation of stomach and intestines with
SUDDEN vomiting
1 cause of upper gi bleed
peptic ulcer
ulcerative colitis
unknown cause, occurs in rectum and large intestine, bloody stool with mucous
Chrons disease ss
GI bleeding, weight loss, intermittant abd cramping nausea and vomiting, dirrhea
RAPID ONSET
1 cause of lower GI bleed
Diverticulosis
SS diverticulitis
lower left sided pain, fever n/v tenderness on palpation
mcburneys point
1-2 in between anterior iliac crest and umbilicus
what is cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder caused by gallstones
typically occurs after a large meal
murphys sign
right costal tenderness
hep A route
fecal oral
hep b route
BBP
hep c route
blood transfusions
hep E route
waterborne
Hepatitis ss
RUQ pain
jaundice
n/v
photophobia
two types of immunity
cellular
humoral
what is cellular immunity
direct attack on a foreign substance by special cells
what is humoral immunity
chemical attack of a substance antibodies are used to accomplish this IGG
what does IgE do
allergen attaches to IgE of basophils and mast cells then produces histamines
what does histamine do in body
causes bronchoconstriction,
increased intestinal motilit, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability
anaphylaxis treatment
o2 is first line treatment…..
epi every 15-20 min
benadryl, steriods, albuterl
neurogenic shock causes
loss of vasomotor tone due to unoppsoed parasympathethic response
treat with 20ml/kg bolus
what is cystic fibrosis
inhereted metabolic disease of lungs sweat glands, digestive and reproductive system
production of thick mucous which leads to chronic lung infections
