Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NREMT Review > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
NREMT® EMT flashcards NREMT® Paramedic flashcards
1
Q

Ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood ejected on each ventricular beat
normal is 67%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected on each stroke
70 ml is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

factors affecting stroke volume

A

preload (venous return)
cardiac contractility (inotropy, dromotropy)
afterload (systemic vascular resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood heart pumps in 1 min
hr x sv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

layers of heart

A

endocardium- innermost layer
myocardium- mid layer
pericardium- outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pericardium

A

protective sac that surrounds the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

layers of pericardium

A

visceral- innermost lining of the sac

25 ml of pericardial fluid

parietal-second or middle lining of the sac

fibrous- outermost lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what separates right and left atria, ventricles

A

interatrial septum
intraventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

blood flow through heart

A

1: superior and inferior vena cava returns blood to heart
2: right atrium-> tricuspid valve
3: right ventricle-> pulmonic valve->pulmonic artery
4: Lungs-> pulmonary vein
5:Left atrium-> Mitral valve
6:Left ventricle -> Aortic valve
7: Aorta (largest artery in body)
7A: aorta feeds heart muscle by way of coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when are coronary arteries perfused

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Left Coronary artery supplies what

A

Left ventricle, inter-ventricular septum, part of right ventricle, hearts conduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Left coronary artery branches

A

Left anterior descending
left circumflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Right coronary artery supplies what

A

portion of right atrium, portion of right ventricle, part of conduction system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

branches of RCA

A

posterior descending
marginal branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Collateral circulation

A

protective mechanism providing alternative path for blood to flow in event of blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Layers of blood vessles

A

tunica intima- innermost

tunica media- middle layer, elastic fibers, gives vessels strength and allows for recoil

tunica adventitia- outermost lining, fibrous, gives strenght

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

vessles of circulatory system

A

oxygenated blood -> aorta -> arteries -> arterioles ->capillaries

deoxygenated
capillaries-> Venules -> veins ->Vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does cardiac axis mean

A

portion of heart is requiring more energy to depolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Extreme right
right
left
extreme left

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

normal axis deviation

A

-30-+90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

causes of Extreme right axis deviation

A

vtac
severe hyper k
pvc
severe rvh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

causes of right axis deviation

A

right ventricular hypertrophy
copd
pulmonary embolism
lateral MI
hyperk
wpw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Left axis deviation causes

A

Left ventricular hypertropy
left bbb
rbbb
inferior MI
wpw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

parasympathetic (cholinergic) function
neurotransmitter
major nerve

A

feed and breed
acetylcholine
vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sympathetic nervous system (adrenergic)
function
neurotransmitter

A

fight or flight
norepi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

parasympatholytic

A

blocks parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sympathomimetic

A

mimics sympathetic nervous system
epi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

alpha 1 receptor jobs

A

vasoconstriction
pupil dilation
decreased renin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

beta 1

A

hr chronotropy
contractilty ino
conduction dromo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

beta blocker ending

A

olol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

renin function

A

released by kidneys in response to low blood pressure and decreased perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

explain renin angiotensin aldosteron system

A

angiotensinogen is secreted by liver and put into circulation

renin is released by kidneys

angiotensin is converted by renin to angiotensin 1 which is then converted by lungs to using ACE to angiotensin 2

this takes 20 min and causes vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

baroreceptors function

A

detect low bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

baroreceptors location

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

most prevalent extracellular cation

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

sodium function

A

plays role in depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

calcium function

A

myocardial depolarization and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

potassium function

A

influences repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

most prevalent intracellular cation

A

potassium

40
Q

what does atp do

A

fuel for cell

41
Q

explain cardiac action cycle

A

resting potential -> polarization-> K in Na out

action potential-> depolarization -> influx of Na

recovery -> repolarization-> k returns into cell, Na exits

42
Q

intercalated disc function

A

allow simultaneous contraction

43
Q

s1 sound

A

lub closure of AV valves

44
Q

s2

A

dub closure of semilunar valve

45
Q

s3

A

chf or fluid sounds like kentuky

46
Q

s4

A

sounds like tenesse, increased atrial contraction

47
Q

SA intrinsic rate

A

60-100

48
Q

AV intrinsic rate

A

40-60

49
Q

purkinje intrinsic rate

A

15-40

50
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

diseases that affect arteries of heart

51
Q

thrombus

A

clot formed of blood and plaque

52
Q

embolus

A

blockage of vessle by clot

53
Q

atherosclerosis

A

calcium and cholesterol build up inside walls of blood vessels leading to ischemia

54
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arterial walls preventing adequate vasocaonstriction and dilation

55
Q

what is angina

A

“pain in the chest” from hearts demand for o2 exceeding supply.
commonly caused by atherosclerosis and cad

56
Q

stable angina time of onset, length, persistence

A

sudden onset with activity
lasts 3-5 min, subsides with nitro and rest

57
Q

unstable angina, time of onset, duration, persistnece

A

sudden onset during rest, lasts more than 20 min, wont resolve with nitro

58
Q

variant angina (prinzmetal)

A

caused by coronary vessle vasospasm, can occur at rest, may go away with rest or meds

59
Q

Subendocardial MI

A

mi extends partially through thickness of myocardium. may or may not produce pathological q wave

60
Q

transmural MI

A

MI goes through full thickness of myocardium

61
Q

Stemi requirements

A

1mm or more of elevation in contigous or consecutive

62
Q

atypical MI can present in who

A

elderly, female, chronic hypertensive, diabetics

63
Q

causes of right heart failue

A

1 left heart failure

cor pulmonale (right ventricular hypertrophy)
right ventricualr infarct, tricuspid or pulmonic valve damage, PE

64
Q

causes of left heart failure

A

pulmonary edema
htn
left ventricular infarct
mitral valve damage
aortic valve damage
cardiomyopathy
MI #1 cause

65
Q

ss of R heart failure

A

JVD
peripheral edema
ascites
sacral/scrotal edema
orthopnea
hepato jugular reflex

66
Q

ss of left heart failure

A

anxiety
tachycardia
htn
pale sweaty skin
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea orhtopnea
rales/crackles
pink frothy sputum
pulsus paradoxus
pulsus alterans

67
Q

right heart failure treatment

A

o2, 12 lead, fluid administration

68
Q

left heart failure treatment

A

o2 , 12 lead, nitro, cpap, furosemide

69
Q

becks triad

A

jvd
muffled heart sounds
hypotension

70
Q

what type of shock is cardiac tamponade

A

obstructive and cardiac

71
Q

ss of cardiac tamponade

A

becks triad
cp
dyspnea
orthopnea
narrowing pulse pressure
electrical alternaans
pulsus paradoxus

72
Q

cardiac tamponade managemnt

A

o2 fluid bolus 20 ml/kg
pressor

73
Q

cardiogenic shock causes

A

impaired contractility due to mi
impared ventricular emptying (left sided heart failure)
tension pneumothorax
cardiac tamponade
trauma

74
Q

cardiogenic shock ss

A

sbp less than 80
respiratory distress
cp
weakness
altered mental status
hypotension
tachycardia

75
Q

cardiogenic shock treatment

A

o2, identify underlying problems, fluid, vasopressor
1-200 ml fluid boluses

76
Q

dissecting aortic aneurysm signs and symptoms

A

syncope
absent or reduced pulses
unequal bp
heart failure
tearing sensation in back
flank pain
scapular pain
pain radiating in legs

77
Q

hypertensive crisis definiton

A

uncontrolled htn that flucuates and is above 180/120

78
Q

1 small box on ekg

A

.04 seconds

79
Q

1 big box

A

.2 seconds

80
Q

how fast does paper move

A

25 mm/ second

81
Q

lead 1 shows what axis

A

0

82
Q

lead 2 shows what axis

A

60

83
Q

lead 3 shows what axis

A

120

84
Q

avr shows what view

A

right arm

85
Q

avl shows what view

A

left arm

86
Q

afv shows what view

A

left foot

87
Q

p wave means what

A

atrial depolarization

88
Q

pr interval shows what

A

time it takes for impulse to travel from sa node to ventricles
normal is .12-.20
measured from beginning of p wave

89
Q

qrs complex shows what

A

depolarization of ventricles normal is .04-.12

90
Q

t wave means what

A

repolarization of ventricles

91
Q

Lateral Leads artery

A

LCX

92
Q

Inferior leads artery

A

RCA

93
Q

septal and anterior leads artery

A

LAD

94
Q

digitalis effect on 12 lead

A

st segment “sag”

95
Q

WPW wave

A

delta wave, slurred upstroke

96
Q

osborne wave

A

J wave, Hump on back of qrs

NREMT Review (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions