General Logic

Question 1

Proposition

Answer 1

Statement
The world is or is not a certain way
can be true or false

Question 2

Premise

Answer 2

Reasons that support the argument

Question 3

Narrative

Answer 3

Tell a series of events

Question 4

Description

Answer 4

identify characteristics of someone or something

Question 5

Explanation

Answer 5

give the cause of something

Question 6

Deductive argument

Answer 6

If the supporting reason is true , the conclusion and argument must be true

If the premise is true, the conclusion must be true

Deductive arguments exclusively depends on the logical form

It is impossible for deductive arguments to be invalid through , it can be false

Question 7

Inductive argument

Answer 7

If the premise is true, the conclusion is probably true

Even strong inductive arguments are not truth preserving

Inductive arguments partly depend on the logical form

To ask if inductive argument is strong I should ask if that premises are true, do make it a conclusion probable.

Question 8

Cogent

Answer 8

A strong inductive argument with true premises

Question 9

The inductive arguments are Impliative

Answer 9

The conclusion goes more than a premises states

Question 10

Casual inference

Answer 10

Causal inference starts from a number of specific cases where an effect is produced (or not produced) and finds commonalities and differences in these cases. Then it draws the conclusion that the effect has a certain cause.

Question 11

Statistical inference

Answer 11

Statistical Inference starts from a “most” premise (not an “all” premise).

Question 12

Dependent premise

Answer 12

A reason that is only able to provide support to an argument with the help with other reasons

Question 13

Independent premise

Answer 13

A reason that is able to provide support for an argument by itself without the help of other reasons

Question 14

The categorical syllogism

Answer 14

Has three statements that include the word “all.”

Question 15

Disjunctive syllogism

Answer 15

A disjunctive syllogism has an “either-or” premise.

Question 16

Hypothetical syllogism

Answer 16

A hypothetical syllogism has at least one “If-then” premise.

Question 17

Implicit premise

Answer 17

Premise or reason there is not state in the argument

When there is a large gap between the supporting reason and the argument, I should look for implicit premises

Implicit premise show close a gap between reason and the argument, which means once add the implicit premise, there should be no logical gap between supporting reason and an argument

Question 18

The fallacy of subjectivism

Answer 18

Subjectivism is the fallacy of using one’s own mere belief or feeling about an idea as evidence that the idea is true.

subjectivism involves taking the content of one’s mind as being automatically true rather than verifying it with evidence from observing the world.

Whether an argument commits subjectivism depends on the content of the premises. People often say “I think” or “I feel” while also providing evidence for their claims; using these phrases does not necessarily imply subjectivism.

Question 19

The fallacy of Ad hominem

Answer 19

An ad hominem argument is a logical fallacy where someone attacks the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making an argument rather than addressing the

They often cite an inconsistency between a speaker’s position and positions he has taken previously.

Question 20

Slippery slop

Answer 20

the slippery slope fallacy. This is a logical fallacy where someone argues that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related events culminating in a significant (usually negative) effect, without providing evidence for such a progression12

Question 21

Composition fallacy

Answer 21

Composition is the fallacy characterized by inferring that the whole must have a property because one or more of the parts have the property. This argument commits the fallacy of composition because it follows the pattern: What’s true of a part (the eggs) must be true of the whole (the cake). The cake may have a lot of sugar, flour, and oil, for example—all of which are low in protein.

Question 22

The post hoc fallacy

Answer 22

The post hoc fallacy (short for post hoc ergo propter hoc, Latin for “after this, therefore because of this”) is a logical fallacy where one assumes that because one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second.

Question 23

The fallacy of accident

Answer 23

The fallacy of accident (also known as destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) occurs when a general rule is applied to a specific case that is an exception to the rule12.

Question 24

The fallacy of division

Answer 24

The fallacy of division is the inference that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.

Question 25

False dichotomy

Answer 25

A false dichotomy (also known as a false dilemma) is a logical fallacy that presents two options as the only possible choices, when in fact there are other alternatives

Question 26

Begging the question

Answer 26

You the conclusion to prove itself The conclusion of an argument is assumed in one of its premise the

Question 27

Equivocation

Answer 27

Equivocation is a logical fallacy where a word or phrase is used ambiguously within an argument, leading to misleading or invalid conclusions12.

Question 28

Deductive reasoning

Answer 28

draw specific conclusions from general premises or statements If the premises are true and the logic is valid, the conclusion must also be true Starts with General Premises: Begins with general statements or hypotheses. Moves to Specific Conclusions: Uses these premises to reach a specific, logical conclusion. Certainty: If the premises are true and the reasoning is valid, the conclusion must be true. In summary, deductive reasoning is about applying general rules to specific cases to reach a certain conclusion, while inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations, which may not always be certain123

Question 29

Inductive reasoning

Answer 29

Starts with Specific Observations: Begins with specific observations or real examples. Moves to General Conclusions: Uses these observations to form a general conclusion or theory. Probability: The conclusion is likely but not guaranteed to be true, even if all premises are true. In summary, deductive reasoning is about applying general rules to specific cases to reach a certain conclusion, while inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on specific observations, which may not always be certain123

Question 30

Subject term : Cow

Answer 30

All Cows are herbivorous.

Question 31

Predicate term : Herbivious

Answer 31

All cows are herbivores

Question 32

Subject term : S

Answer 32

All S are P

Question 33

Predicate term : P

Answer 33

All S are P

Question 34

Copula : are

Answer 34

All S are P

Question 35

Quantifier

Answer 35

All, no or some

Question 36

Universal affirmative (A)

Answer 36

All S are P

Question 37

Universal negative ( E )

Answer 37

No S are P

Question 38

Particular affirmative (I)

Answer 38

Some S are P

Question 39

Particular negative (O)

Answer 39

Some S are not P

Question 40

Particular affirmative

Answer 40

I

Question 41

Particular negative

Answer 41

O

Question 42

Universal affirmative

Answer 42

A

Question 43

Universal negative

Answer 43

E

Question 44

Quantifier : All

Answer 44

Every

Question 45

All S are P (A) translate:

Answer 45

All part of S are P

Question 46

No S are P (E)

Answer 46

No part of S are P

Question 47

Some S are P ( I)

Answer 47

Some part of S are P

Question 48

Some S are not P (O)

Answer 48

Some part of S is not apart of P

Question 49

Conversion: Switch subjects and predicate terms. (E,I)

Answer 49

Some S are P Some P are S

Question 50

Converse are validated in

Answer 50

In E (No S are P ) In I ( Some S are P)

Question 51

Obversion ( A,E,I,O)

Answer 51

Some Englishmen are sharpshooters: Some Englishman are not non- sharpshooters. No sightings of the UFO are things that have been confirmed. All sightings of UFOs are things that have not been confirmed.

Question 52

Obversion is validated

Answer 52

In all circumstances

Question 53

Contraposition (a,o)

Answer 53

Some A are B Some non- B are non-A All whales are mammals All non-mammals are non-whales

Question 54

Contraposition are validated

Answer 54

In A: All S are P In O: All S are not P

Question 55

E and O propositions can both be true.

Question 56

Every categorical proposition has only

Answer 56

Two terms

Question 57

Every categorical syllogism has

Answer 57

Three distinct terms.

Question 58

Major term: Predict term in conclusion.

Question 59

Minor term : subject term of conclusion

Question 60

Minor term : subject term of conclusion

Question 61

Middle term: Not in the conclusion

Question 62

Major premise :

Answer 62

Middle term + Major term

Question 63

Minor premise

Answer 63

Minor term + Middle term

Question 64

Conclusion

Answer 64

Minor term + Major term

Question 65

Rule 1: Distribution: subject term

Answer 65

A : All s are P Conclusion: E: No S are P

Question 66

Rule 1: Distribution: Predicate term

Answer 66

E: No S are P O: Some S are not P

Question 67

Rule 1 : Distribution: Middle term is distributed

Answer 67

At least one of the premises

Question 68

Rule 3 :

Answer 68

Can’t have two negative premises

Question 69

Rule 4: