General Logic Flashcards
Proposition
Statement
The world is or is not a certain way
can be true or false
Premise
Reasons that support the argument
Narrative
Tell a series of events
Description
identify characteristics of someone or something
Explanation
give the cause of something
Deductive argument
If the supporting reason is true , the conclusion and argument must be true
If the premise is true, the conclusion must be true
Deductive arguments exclusively depends on the logical form
It is impossible for deductive arguments to be invalid through , it can be false
Inductive argument
If the premise is true, the conclusion is probably true
Even strong inductive arguments are not truth preserving
Inductive arguments partly depend on the logical form
To ask if inductive argument is strong I should ask if that premises are true, do make it a conclusion probable.
Cogent
A strong inductive argument with true premises
The inductive arguments are Impliative
The conclusion goes more than a premises states
Casual inference
Causal inference starts from a number of specific cases where an effect is produced (or not produced) and finds commonalities and differences in these cases. Then it draws the conclusion that the effect has a certain cause.
Statistical inference
Statistical Inference starts from a “most” premise (not an “all” premise).
Dependent premise
A reason that is only able to provide support to an argument with the help with other reasons
Independent premise
A reason that is able to provide support for an argument by itself without the help of other reasons
The categorical syllogism
Has three statements that include the word “all.”
Disjunctive syllogism
A disjunctive syllogism has an “either-or” premise.
Hypothetical syllogism
A hypothetical syllogism has at least one “If-then” premise.
Implicit premise
Premise or reason there is not state in the argument
When there is a large gap between the supporting reason and the argument, I should look for implicit premises
Implicit premise show close a gap between reason and the argument, which means once add the implicit premise, there should be no logical gap between supporting reason and an argument
The fallacy of subjectivism
Subjectivism is the fallacy of using one’s own mere belief or feeling about an idea as evidence that the idea is true.
subjectivism involves taking the content of one’s mind as being automatically true rather than verifying it with evidence from observing the world.
Whether an argument commits subjectivism depends on the content of the premises. People often say “I think” or “I feel” while also providing evidence for their claims; using these phrases does not necessarily imply subjectivism.
The fallacy of Ad hominem
An ad hominem argument is a logical fallacy where someone attacks the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making an argument rather than addressing the
They often cite an inconsistency between a speaker’s position and positions he has taken previously.
Slippery slop
the slippery slope fallacy. This is a logical fallacy where someone argues that a relatively small first step will inevitably lead to a chain of related events culminating in a significant (usually negative) effect, without providing evidence for such a progression12
Composition fallacy
Composition is the fallacy characterized by inferring that the whole must have a property because one or more of the parts have the property. This argument commits the fallacy of composition because it follows the pattern: What’s true of a part (the eggs) must be true of the whole (the cake). The cake may have a lot of sugar, flour, and oil, for example—all of which are low in protein.
The post hoc fallacy
The post hoc fallacy (short for post hoc ergo propter hoc, Latin for “after this, therefore because of this”) is a logical fallacy where one assumes that because one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second.
The fallacy of accident
The fallacy of accident (also known as destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) occurs when a general rule is applied to a specific case that is an exception to the rule12.
The fallacy of division
The fallacy of division is the inference that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.
False dichotomy
A false dichotomy (also known as a false dilemma) is a logical fallacy that presents two options as the only possible choices, when in fact there are other alternatives
Begging the question
You the conclusion to prove itself
The conclusion of an argument is assumed in one of its premise the
Equivocation
Equivocation is a logical fallacy where a word or phrase is used ambiguously within an argument, leading to misleading or invalid conclusions12.
