General Logic

Question 1

Thinking

Answer 1

Thinking is a cognitive process we use in the attempt to gain knowledge or to understand something

, as distinct from our emotional responses to things.

Question 2

Thinking is

Answer 2

Purposive

Question 3

Logic is

Answer 3

Both science and art

Question 4

What is reasoning

Answer 4

Reasoning is a process of thought in which we make inferences: Starting with information we already have, an inference draws some further conclusion based on that information.

Question 5

What is Logic

Answer 5

Logic is the study of the methods and standards of inference.

Question 6

THREE TECHNIQUES WE WILL LEARN

Answer 6

1. How to detect the presence of arguments
2. How to diagram the structure of arguments
3. How to evaluate the quality of arguments

Question 7

What is critical thinking

Answer 7

Critical thinking is the systematic evaluation

or formulation of beliefs/propositions

by rational standards.

Question 8

Critical thinking involves what?

Answer 8

Careful judgement or judicious evaluation

Question 9

What is fundamental concern of critical thinking?

Answer 9

How you think

Question 10

Systematic is because

Answer 10

• Systematic: because it involves distinct procedures and methods.

Question 11

• Evaluation and formulation: is because

Answer 11

used to assess existing beliefs/propositions and devise new ones.

Question 12

Rational standards:

Answer 12

beliefs/propositions are judged by how well they are supported by reasons.

Question 13

Critical thinking is not psychology because

Answer 13

Psychology studies how people in fact think—habits, prejudices, opinions, statistical patterns, etc.

Psychology is an empirical, descriptive science.

Critical thinking studies the most basic principles of rational thinking: it studies how people ought to think, whether or not that is how they actually think.

Critical thinking is a conceptual, normative science.

Question 14

What are three ways to evaluate argument

Answer 14

a) Are the supporting statements/premises true? Is the conclusion true?

B. b) Is the argument persuasive?

c) Do the assumptions rationally support the conclusion?

Question 15

What is argument?

Answer 15

A group of propositions in which some of them (the premises or
reasons) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion).

Question 16

What is a proposition

Answer 16

A proposition (or statement) is a sentence that asserts that something is or is
not the case

Question 17

What are two main elements of arguments

Answer 17

Premise: a proposition given in order to support the truth of another proposition.

Conclusion: a proposition that premises are intended to support.

Question 18

What is critical thinking aim at

Answer 18

Critical thinking aims to evaluate the rationality of accepting/believing conclusions: the degree to which they are supported by premises.

Question 19

What is essential feature feature of the arguments?

Answer 19

Inference.:The process of reasoning from the premise to conclusion.

Question 20

What is the declaration?

Answer 20

The declaration is simply preposition (reasoning), though it can often look like an as argument

Question 21

What is an argument?

Answer 21

An argument offers reasons, premise for thinking that a preposition is true, without assuming the truth of supported proposition

Question 22

What is an explanation?

Answer 22

An explanation assume that some preposition is true and try to explain why the preposition is true

Question 23

What is deductive argument

Answer 23

Deductive arguments are intended to provide conclusive support for their conclusions.

Question 24

• A deductive argument is valid just in case: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

Question 25

What is the alternative definition of validaty?

Answer 25

Alternative definition of validity: in a deductively valid argument it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.

Question 26

What are some important features of valid deductive argument

Answer 26

1. Valid arguments are truth-preserving. A deductive argument is valid in virtue of its logical form or structure, not its content.

Question 27

Validity of deductive argument is not about the actual truth of either the premises or conclusion of the argument: it is about the relationship between the premises and conclusion.

Question 28

4. A deductively valid argument with true premises is.

Answer 28

Sound

Question 29

5. A deductive argument intends to make explicit the information implicit in the premises.

Question 30

Dependent premise

Answer 30

There are some kind of relationship between reasons . A reason can only to provide support for the conclusion only with the help of at least one other reasoning.

Question 31

Independent promise

Answer 31

A reason that to provide at least some kind of support for the conclusion without the help of any other reasoning.

Question 32

Begging the question

Answer 32

trying to support a statement with an argument in which that statement is a reason/assumption

Question 33

Equivocation fallacy

Answer 33

Trying to use two complete different concepts to make them look like key terms in arguments Iare use it differently , with one meaning in one portion of the argument, and another meaning in the other portion of the argument.

Question 34

Appeal to ignorance

Answer 34

using the absence of a proof for a reason as evidence for the truth of the opposing reason.

Question 35

Diversion

Answer 35

trying to support one proposition by arguing for another proposition.

Question 36

Subjectivism

Answer 36

using the fact that one believes or wants a proposition to be true as evidence of its truth:

Question 37

Appeal to the majority

Answer 37

Appeal to the majority

Question 38

Appeal to emotion

Question 39

Appeal to force

Question 40

Ad hominem:

Answer 40

using a negative trait of the speaker as evidence that his statement is false or his argument weak.

Question 41

Appeal to Authority

Question 42

False dichotomy: excluding relevant possibilities without justification

Question 43

Post hoc ergo propter hoc: using the fact that one event preceded another as sufficient evidence for the conclusion that the first event caused the second event.

Question 44

Hasty generalization: inferring a general proposition from a sample of particular cases.

Question 45

Accident: applying a generalization to a special case in disregard of qualities or circumstances that make it an exception to the generalization.

Question 46

Slippery slope: arguing against a proposed action or policy by claiming, without sufficient evidence, that it will lead to a series of increasingly bad consequences.

Question 47

Composition: inferring that a whole has a property merely because its parts have that property.

Question 48

Division: inferring that a part has a property merely because the whole has that property.

Question 49

Explanation

Answer 49

Goal: why a statement is true

Question 50

Went to looking for implicit premise

Answer 50

when there is a very large gap between premise(s) and conclusion.

Question 51

How to look for implicit premise

Answer 51

look for a premise that (i) closes the logical gap between the stated premise(s) and the conclusion and (ii) does not commit the speaker to more than is necessary.

Question 52

Straw man: the distorting, weakening, or oversimplifying of someone’s position so it can be more easily attacked or refuted.

Question 53

The purpose of an explanation is to show others why something that is known to be true is true;

Question 54

The purpose of an argument is to Convince others to accept something not known to be true to be true , establish that something is true that is not already acknowledged as true.