General Issues in Psychotherapy Flashcards
Han eyesnek concluded that…
therapy was of little benefit. His findings have been overturned but sparked years of research
What parties did Hans Strupp say have a stake in how well the psychotherapy works?
client, therapist, third parties (society, family which emphasizes the client’s ability to perform expected duties)
Ratings by the three parties can be informative, but how can the client be biased?
may be over eager to see positive results
Ratings by the three parties can be informative, but how can the therapist be biased?
only see a fraction of their lives, might feel that a negative evaluation of the client reflects negatively on their therapeutic skills
When should researchers ask if the therapy is effective?
immediately after? 6 months later? 1 year later? just know when the researchers ask this question, it may influence the results they see
How could the researchers assess if the therapy is effective?
questionnaires, interviews, behavioural observations
What is efficacy?
the extent to which behaviour works in the lab
Efficacy studies maximize…
internal validity to be able to draw cause and effects
What do results of efficacy studies show?
overall, psychotherapy works
the average person receiving therapy is better off than
80% of comparable others who don’t and benefits last and exceed the placebo effect
What does the transdiagnostic approach to efficacy studies focus on?
emotional disorders. because co-morbid disorders like GAD or MDD have different symptoms but maybe the same type of root
what needs treatment are not superficial symptoms but the underlying pathology
What were the 3 basic elements that Barlow and his colleagues focused on with the trans diagnostic approach?
- reducing the amount of negative thought in which clients engage
- prevent unhealthy ways of avoiding unpleasant feelings (ex: drugs)
- encouraging behaviour that facilitates positive rather than negative feelings (ex: exercise)
What is the gap between research and practice?
There is a gap between those research psychotherapy and those who practice it
What has been a useful dissemination strategy for bridging the gap between research and practice?
practitioners and researchers collaborate throughout efficacy research
Why is practice-oriented research better for application?
because including the therapists makes them more likely to use, accept and apply results
What is effectiveness?
the extent to which psychotherapy works in the real world
effectiveness studies have better…
external validity than internal validity
In effectiveness studies, There is greater variability in…(3)
the therapists methods, clients issues and diagnoses
Consumer reports of effectiveness studies say…(3)
- psychotherapy works
- therapy has positive effects
- results lasted over time
What are some methodological concerns with effectiveness studies? (2)
- sampling bias
2. no control group
What are two alternative ways to measure psychotherapy outcomes?
- neurobiological effects of therapy: fMRI, PET, etc.
2. medical cost offset: an indirect measure but if therapy is successful there should be a reduction in medical costs
supporters of various kinds of therapy often claim that..
their therapy is the best
What is the dodo bird effect?
that different therapies are equally effective
What are 2 ways that various therapies can be equally effective?
- common factors
2. three stage sequential model
What are common factors?
shared, fundamental elements of therapy rather than specific techniques that are active ingredients
What are 3 common factors?
therapeutic relationship, hope and attention
what is the 3 stage sequential model of common factors?
support, learning and actions (in that sequence)
The dodo bird effect is not unchallenged, some argue…
- some researchers argue that for specific disorders, some therapies are demonstrably better
- can lead to a prescriptive approach
Until 2010, what was the most popular therapy and what is it now?
Eclectic/integrative therapy, it is now cognitive but most use a combo of cog and behav
Most therapists would call themselves…
mutts since they use a blend of orientations
psychodynamic therapy has…
declined since 1960s
What is the most common format of therapy?
individual
What does the stages of change model describe?
the various points where clients may fall in terms of readiness
What are the 5 stages of change in order?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
what is precontemplation?
no intention to change, unaware of the problem, might feel pressured by family
what is contemplation
Aware a problem exists
considering doing something to address it, but not ready to commit.
Not ready to give up the benefits of the ‘problematic’ behavior.
what is preparation?
Intending to take action within a short time (e.g., weeks, a month).
Small steps but nothing significant.
what is action?
Actively changing behavior and making notable efforts to overcome problems.
This stage requires effort and commitment to therapeutic goals.
What is maintenance?
Preventing relapse and retaining gains made during action stage, lasting indefinitely
T or F? Experts expect the future of psychology to include a rise in:
o Mindfulness-based therapy approaches
o Cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches
o Eclectic/integrative therapy
o Treatment involving the Internet and other technologies
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
What is eclectic therapy?
involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of SIMILAR clients
What is integrative therapy ?
involves blending approaches in order to create a new hybrid
