General Issues in Psychotherapy

Question 1

Han eyesnek concluded that…

Answer 1

therapy was of little benefit. His findings have been overturned but sparked years of research

Question 2

What parties did Hans Strupp say have a stake in how well the psychotherapy works?

Answer 2

client, therapist, third parties (society, family which emphasizes the client’s ability to perform expected duties)

Question 3

Ratings by the three parties can be informative, but how can the client be biased?

Answer 3

may be over eager to see positive results

Question 4

Ratings by the three parties can be informative, but how can the therapist be biased?

Answer 4

only see a fraction of their lives, might feel that a negative evaluation of the client reflects negatively on their therapeutic skills

Question 5

When should researchers ask if the therapy is effective?

Answer 5

immediately after? 6 months later? 1 year later? just know when the researchers ask this question, it may influence the results they see

Question 6

How could the researchers assess if the therapy is effective?

Answer 6

questionnaires, interviews, behavioural observations

Question 7

What is efficacy?

Answer 7

the extent to which behaviour works in the lab

Question 8

Efficacy studies maximize…

Answer 8

internal validity to be able to draw cause and effects

Question 9

What do results of efficacy studies show?

Answer 9

overall, psychotherapy works

Question 10

the average person receiving therapy is better off than

Answer 10

80% of comparable others who don’t and benefits last and exceed the placebo effect

Question 11

What does the transdiagnostic approach to efficacy studies focus on?

Answer 11

emotional disorders. because co-morbid disorders like GAD or MDD have different symptoms but maybe the same type of root

what needs treatment are not superficial symptoms but the underlying pathology

Question 12

What were the 3 basic elements that Barlow and his colleagues focused on with the trans diagnostic approach?

Answer 12

1. reducing the amount of negative thought in which clients engage
2. prevent unhealthy ways of avoiding unpleasant feelings (ex: drugs)
3. encouraging behaviour that facilitates positive rather than negative feelings (ex: exercise)

Question 13

What is the gap between research and practice?

Answer 13

There is a gap between those research psychotherapy and those who practice it

Question 14

What has been a useful dissemination strategy for bridging the gap between research and practice?

Answer 14

practitioners and researchers collaborate throughout efficacy research

Question 15

Why is practice-oriented research better for application?

Answer 15

because including the therapists makes them more likely to use, accept and apply results

Question 16

What is effectiveness?

Answer 16

the extent to which psychotherapy works in the real world

Question 17

effectiveness studies have better…

Answer 17

external validity than internal validity

Question 18

In effectiveness studies, There is greater variability in…(3)

Answer 18

the therapists methods, clients issues and diagnoses

Question 19

Consumer reports of effectiveness studies say…(3)

Answer 19

1. psychotherapy works
2. therapy has positive effects
3. results lasted over time

Question 20

What are some methodological concerns with effectiveness studies? (2)

Answer 20

1. sampling bias

2. no control group

Question 21

What are two alternative ways to measure psychotherapy outcomes?

Answer 21

1. neurobiological effects of therapy: fMRI, PET, etc.

2. medical cost offset: an indirect measure but if therapy is successful there should be a reduction in medical costs

Question 22

supporters of various kinds of therapy often claim that..

Answer 22

their therapy is the best

Question 23

What is the dodo bird effect?

Answer 23

that different therapies are equally effective

Question 24

What are 2 ways that various therapies can be equally effective?

Answer 24

1. common factors

2. three stage sequential model

Question 25

What are common factors?

Answer 25

shared, fundamental elements of therapy rather than specific techniques that are active ingredients

Question 26

What are 3 common factors?

Answer 26

therapeutic relationship, hope and attention

Question 27

what is the 3 stage sequential model of common factors?

Answer 27

support, learning and actions (in that sequence)

Question 28

The dodo bird effect is not unchallenged, some argue…

Answer 28

1. some researchers argue that for specific disorders, some therapies are demonstrably better
2. can lead to a prescriptive approach

Question 29

Until 2010, what was the most popular therapy and what is it now?

Answer 29

Eclectic/integrative therapy, it is now cognitive but most use a combo of cog and behav

Question 30

Most therapists would call themselves…

Answer 30

mutts since they use a blend of orientations

Question 31

psychodynamic therapy has…

Answer 31

declined since 1960s

Question 32

What is the most common format of therapy?

Answer 32

individual

Question 33

What does the stages of change model describe?

Answer 33

the various points where clients may fall in terms of readiness

Question 34

What are the 5 stages of change in order?

Answer 34

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Question 35

what is precontemplation?

Answer 35

no intention to change, unaware of the problem, might feel pressured by family

Question 36

what is contemplation

Answer 36

Aware a problem exists

considering doing something to address it, but not ready to commit.

Not ready to give up the benefits of the ‘problematic’ behavior.

Question 37

what is preparation?

Answer 37

Intending to take action within a short time (e.g., weeks, a month).

Small steps but nothing significant.

Question 38

what is action?

Answer 38

Actively changing behavior and making notable efforts to overcome problems.

This stage requires effort and commitment to therapeutic goals.

Question 39

What is maintenance?

Answer 39

Preventing relapse and retaining gains made during action stage, lasting indefinitely

Question 40

T or F? Experts expect the future of psychology to include a rise in:
o Mindfulness-based therapy approaches
o Cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches
o Eclectic/integrative therapy
o Treatment involving the Internet and other technologies

Answer 40

TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE

Question 41

What is eclectic therapy?

Answer 41

involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of SIMILAR clients

Question 42

What is integrative therapy ?

Answer 42

involves blending approaches in order to create a new hybrid