General: Integration of VFR Flights with IFR Traffic in Class D CTR/CTA/TMA

Question 1

When are ground visibility & flight visibility used?

Answer 1

• Ground visibility is used for aircraft taking off from / approaching to land at aerodromes or entering the ATZ / CCT.
• Flight visibility is used for transiting aircraft.

Question 2

How are VFR & IFR separated in Class D?

Answer 2

• Standard separation not applied beween VFR & IFR.
• However, ATC has a responsibility to prevent collisions between known flights & to maintain a safe, orderly, & expeditious flow of traffic.
• This objective is met by passing sufficient traffic information & instructions to assist pilots to “see & avoid” each other.

Question 3

Describe how instructions are given to VFR flights in Class D?

Answer 3

• Instructions issued to VFR in Class D are mandatory.
• THese may comprise routeing instructions, visual holding instructions, level restrictions, and information on collision hazards.

Question 4

How are routeing instructions issued?

Answer 4

• Routeing instructions may be issued which will reduce / eliminate points of conflict with other flights e.g. FATs/CCT
• This has a consequent reduction in the workload associated with passing extensive traffic information.
• VRPs may be established to assist in the definition of frequently utilised routes.

Question 5

What should an ATCO always be aware of when issuing instructions to VFR flights?

Answer 5

• ATCOs should be aware of the overriding requirement for the pilot to remain in VMC, avoid obstacles, and remain within the privileges of their licence.
• This may result in the pilot requesting an alternative clearance, particularly in marginal weather conditions.

Question 6

Can approach surveillance ATCOs vector VFR flights?

Answer 6

Yes, BUT;
* Exercise extreme caution in doing so - a geographical routeing instruction is preferable.
* Prior to vectoring, the ATCO must establish with the pilot the need to report if headings issued are not acceptable due to the requirements to remain in VMC, avoid obstacles, & comply with low fliying rules.
* ATCOs should be aware that pilots of some VFR flights may not be sufficiently experienced to comply accurately with vectors / recover to visual nav after vectoring.

Question 7

How do Letters of Agreement work?

Answer 7

• ATCUs may establish LoAs with adjacent aerodromes / airspace users to permit the integrated operation of airspace activities including glider/hanglider/parachuting & other activities.
• LoAs shall specify airspace sharing & delegation arrangements, hours of operation, & any necessary inter-unit co-ordination arrangements.