General Definitions Flashcards
Islets
Groups of cells in pancreas
Gene V Cell Therapy
If extra DNA is added = gene therapy
If no DNA is added = cell therapy
For RNA therapies to be considered a GTMP
Must contain an mRNA, except in mRNA-based vaccines (only count as vaccines)
sCTMP (Somatic cell)
Substantially manipulated with intention of (non-homologous) use for a different function
ATMPs
Non-homologous use of both autologous and allogeneic cells
Mechanical heart valves compared to pig valves
Last longer than pig valves, which last 10-17 years, but requires blood thinners to prevent clotting
Adaptive immune system is made up of…
T cell and B cells
Loss of MHC1 antigen
Can cause destruction of host cell by NK cell
TLRS recognise…
PAMPs, as well as DAMPs
TLR9 recognises
Unmethylated CpG DNA
Positive Selection
Double positive cells (CD4+/CD8+) presented with self-antigens in the thymic cortex
Negative selection
Removes T-cells that bind strongly with “self” MHC.
T-cell independent activation via TLR recoginition
Is faster than T-cell dependent activation but yields lower affinity antibodies
Major histocompatibility complex
Set of closely linked polymorphic genes encoding cell surface proteins for the adaptive immune system
Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD)
Incompatibility in the transplant of immune cells and they attack the host cells (usually in bone marrow transplants)
Stem cell niches require…
- Direct contact
- Soluble factors
- Intermediate cell
Yamanaka Factors
4 TFs essential for reprogramming somatic cells:
Oct4
Sox2
Klf4
c-Myc
STEMCCA
Single vector delivery of 4 Tfs
For cells to be an ATMP…
They must undergo changes outside the body
- inc. Growth and expansion ex vivo.
- otherwise transplant
Tissue Engineered Products (TEPs)
Uses living cells, biocompatible materials and suitable biochemical and physical factors to create tissue-like structures
Medical devices that contain living cells can become…
TEPs
Keratinocytes are ..
skin cells.
Epicel (Genzyme)
Sheets of autologous keratinocytes used to cover patients suffering from cutaneous burn injuries:
- Does not contain a dermis
- Extremely fragile
- 60/70 patients/year in US
- Regulated as xenogeneic (uses feeder later of mouse cells)
- Cultured Epithelia Autograft
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Stimulates bone marrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells release them into the bloodstream (15-20% of people don’t respond)
Plerixafor
Immunostimulant used to mobilize HSCs into the bloodstream.
Increases response of G-CSF when used in combination.
General basic medium for mammalian cell culture
- Glucose (carbon source)
- Amino acids (nitrogen source)
- Vitamins (cofactors)
- Inorganic salts (maintain electrolyte balance)
- Sodium bicarbonate (maintain ph 7.4)
- Antibiotics
- Phenol Red (ph indicator)
- Growth factors/hormones (growth stimulation)
Continuous flow centrifugation…
minimises sheer stress during cell separation
Alofisel
Adipose derived MSCs for treating complex perianal fistulas in Crohns disease
Early viral genes associated with…
Infection and suppressing host response
Middle viral genes associated with…
Genome replication/establishing latency
Late viral genes associated with…
Production of the structural components of new virions (genes for viral assembly, release and cell lysis)
Inverted terminal repeats (ITRs)
Self-priming structures for DNA replication (~100bp)
